has georgia ever had a black governor

Brown went on to lose the governor's race to Republican Larry Hogan, even though there were twice as many registered Democrats as Republicans in the state. Should the school be put on trial because it failed him? And, despite former President Obamas historic election, the number of Black political leaders in government is disproportionately small compared to the population of Black America. Gavin Newsom in the Sept. 14 recall election. Blanche K. Bruce (R-Miss., 1875-1881) The first was Blanche Kelso Bruce, a 34-year-old former slave born in Virginia to a black enslaved mother and a white plantation owner. And digging deeper, finding out his father was in jail, his mother was nowhere to be found. With the victory, Wilder became the first Black elected governor in the United States, generations after P.B.S. Meanwhile, corporate America has essentially saidDeuces to the entire debate. After giving birth to twin boys, Carroll Foy says, she began experiencing intense pain. "Definitely having somebody that looks like you to represent you, always helps. Republicans in Georgia have made guns an economics issue that Democrats can actually win with. Georgia being the first state to elect a black woman as governor, that would seem to be a political miracle. Its about wanting something for yourself, and being willing to work for it if the systems will work with you and not against you.. Period. Across the state, at least 4,575 people who'd been purged went on to re-register in the same county but missed the registration deadline and weren't allowed to vote, state voter records show. A local TV producer took notice and invited her to participate in a town hall meeting with Maynard Jackson, Atlantas first black mayor. If you value what you get from Mother Jones, please join us with a tax-deductible donation today so we can keep on doing the type of journalism 2023 demands. Instead, Baker points to the 2006 election when Maryland was in a similar situation - two white Democrats trying to take on a sitting Republican governor, and he said the establishment didn't question the credentials of the Democrats at that time. Faith is difficult, she says. Henry Clay Warmoth (R) was injured in 1871. Knots of people clustered outside Hendershots . "Black people have been very loyal in the Democratic party," said Aimee Allison, president of Democracy in Color, a national organization focused on race and politics. She began calling up local TV stations to complain about their coverage. Some sources state Bullock took office on July 21, but more contemporary sources say July 4. Democrat Stacey Abrams greets voters at an early vote event in DeKalb County, Ga. Abrams is in a competitive Democratic primary with an opponent who shares the same first name, Stacey Evans. Footage has emerged of Ukraine's secret service (or SBU) purportedly destroying six Russian tanks in one night in the eastern Luhansk region. "And so I just remember putting my head down, ignoring the naysayers and just running my race and winning and then giving birth to my twins.". Murray was not a registered member of the Chickasaw Nation. National groups like BlackPAC and Higher Heights for America are also investing in the race helping with phone banking, door knocking and ads specifically targeting African-American voters. How is Cagle going to be a pro-business Republican when the states biggest employer will see Abrams as the more reasonable candidate? Though she lost her race to incumbent Gov. Yet there are zero sitting Black governors, a fact that wont change until Moores inauguration. While publicly the two candidates have both called for repealing the Georgia guns everywhere bill that passed in 2014, Evans has maintained a much cozier relationship with the NRA than most Democrats in a primary would like to have right now. Aftermath of the Civil War As the Civil War ended in early May 1865, Georgia's Confederate [] In 2018, just 55,000 votes prevented Stacey Abrams from becoming the first Black woman governor of Georgia. "They're brand loyal. Abrams is tapping into a moment when Democrats are finally realizing how much they owe to the black women who have long been intensely loyal to the party. He . Republicans are about to learn what happens when you bring a tax bill to a gun fight. But that seems poised to change. Another priority for Carroll Foy would be expanding childhood education so every three to four-year-old can attend full-day pre-K. She says she also wants to increase teachers' salaries. He has already raised nearly$6.8 million. Carroll Foy remembers sitting at the dining room table with her aunt, trying to decide how to pay for her grandmother's costly medication. I do not isolate any community based on religion. Rachana Desai Martin, the national director of . 07/15/2014 05:05 AM EDT. After a day or so of being home, Carroll Foy says the pain only intensified, so much so, that it brought her to her knees, and she couldn't walk. A man put to death on Thursday used his last words to attack Florida Governor Ron DeSantis. "Black women are capable. Three-fourths were black. Sources Georgia, kids.nationalgeographic.com Whoever wins the primary will likely face Lt. Gov. DeJear agrees progress has continued. Standing in the crowd was Ben Williams, 76, from nearby Mableton. But DeJear still found herself questioning her campaign at times, and she knew others were as well. Abrams not only publicly applauded Deltas stance against the NRA but also boasted about how shes never received an NRA stamp of approval. And so I'm asking him, 'Why did you do this?' The story of how Georgia came to swing is . But shes also aware she has to beat her main opponent in the May 22 Democratic primary, Stacey Evans, a white state Assembly member. The bill, Georgia House Bill 83 would have "provide[d] for recess for . The office of Lieutenant Governor was created in 1945, first being filled in 1947. The start of the term changed from the last Saturday in June to the second Tuesday in January, shortening this term by five months. Pinchback became governor on Dec. 9, 1872 and was in the position for just over a month before John McEnry, a democrat who had served in the Confederate army, was sworn into office as his replacement. Only two other Black politicians have ever been elected governor in the United States Virginia's Douglas Wilder in 1989, and Deval Patrick of Massachusetts in 2006. McDaniel's first term was shortened, so it is not known if he can be considered term limited. Ten Black women have held statewide executive offices such as lieutenant governor or attorney general, according to the same database. I write about women impacting disability and vulnerable communities. Should the system now be put on trial because it failed him? Her grandparents raised her, but she says, especially her grandmother Mary Lee, a southern Christian woman who brought Carroll Foy to church several times a week. There are folks who dont think its time for a black woman to be governor of any state, let alone a state in the Deep South. Some other priorities for Carroll Foy, if elected, include bringing diverse, high-paying jobs to the commonwealth, including positions in cybersecurity, robotics, nanotech, renewables, and automotive systems, and training the workforce to be ready for these types of careers. Black News and Black Views with a Whole Lotta Attitude. The start of the term changed from the last Saturday in June to the second Tuesday in January, shortening this term by five months. no woman or person of color had ever held . Educated alongside the . Representation is tied to to their strategy for winning. Terms of Service apply. Abrams asked Jackson what he had done for dispossessed youtha question that challenged the mayor but also impressed him. And with the departure of Kamala Harris . In 2018, she became the first African American to be nominated to a statewide political office in Iowa. The revolutionary government did not necessarily follow any schedule or term lengths, and thus the election year is omitted until 1781, when it becomes easier to determine. Gillum, who was vying to become Florida's first . This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and I do not disparage anyone based on race. But there were some folks in our Girl Scout troop who were unhappy with mea black girlbeing selected, she said. Though the former Confederate state was on the losing side of the Civil War a few years prior . Pinchback had briefly served as the acting governor of Louisiana from December 1872 . Comments ( 58) I never thought it would happen, but Georgia has virtually become the first state to elect a black woman as governor. "If you look at Georgia right now, that's been a big thing we've been hearing about Stacey Abrams, 'We like Stacey, but can she win statewide?'". "And it's a verse that says, 'If you remain silent at this time, there will be salvation that comes for others, but you and your family may not see it.'". A record six Black women in six states are running for governor in 2022. Okefenokee Photography by William Wise. When she got to the airport, she found out that someone had changed her reservation. Only two of them before Moore were elected. [4] The 1865 constitution required governors to take four years off after serving two terms,[5] but that was quickly changed in the 1868 constitution, which allowed for four-year terms with no limits. The family struggled to pay for her medication. . Jennifer Carroll Foy's grandmother became a. quadriplegic after a stroke. An Instagram post depicts Georgia Democrat Stacey Abrams beside text that claims her 2018 run for governor was stunted by a dirty politician. Only five Black people all men have served as governor of one of the 50 U.S. states in history. Abrams would earn a masters degree from the University of Texas and a law degree from Yale before returning to Atlanta as a tax attorney. Lieutenant governors represented the same party as their governor unless noted. Democrats have targeted Georgia which has added 700,000 registered voters to the rolls since 2018 as a possible swing state in November. This page was last changed on 5 January 2023, at 07:50. And in Georgia, no African American has won statewide office in since 2006. . Sources are split on whether Smith resigned on November 15 or November 16, with contemporary sources leaning towards November 15. Research has shown that when there are candidates of color on the ballot it can motivate people of color to vote. Looking back on her time as a delegate, Carroll Foy is most proud of a few accomplishments, including passing the equal rights amendment in Virginia. The lack of numerous Black governors and any Black female governors made her campaign that much more necessary, DeJear told The Hill. Only two of them before Moore were elected. Some feel their fundraising is unfairly scrutinized because they are seen as not raising enough cashor raising too much. All Rights Reserved. I will be able to bring my lived experiences as a mom, a working mom, as a public defender, as a foster mom, as a little girl who grew up in poverty, as a person who's gone without health care," she said. "[Abrams] does experience some of the same discriminations that we experience, that her opponent Evans will never be able to experience," he said. Eugene Talmadge was elected to a third term in 1946, but died before taking office. There are only three Black senators serving in office: Sens. She also said progress cant happen if the nation does not embrace Black leadership. And we're holding him accountable, and no one else a child who can't defend himself or work to pay bills to buy a jacket or know what to do. black women voted at higher rates nationally, the former Atlanta mayor and other black politicians, join us with a tax-deductible donation today. The shortest term of the post-revolutionary period is that of Matthew Talbot, who served 13 days after succeeding his predecessor who died in office. In 2003, at just 29 years old, she was appointed Atlantas deputy city attorney. After graduating as her class valedictorian, she went to Spelman College, the premier historically black college for women. Tattnall resigned due to declining health. When Democrat Wes Moore won Marylands gubernatorial election on Nov. 8, he made history by becoming the states first Black governor. Listen on Apple Podcasts. We noticed you have an ad blocker on. Mississippi had perfected soul-crushing poverty wrapped in gentility, she would later write in her memoir and self-help book,Minority Leader: How to Lead from the Outside and Make Real Change,which comes out later this month. [6] The term length was returned to the two-year term and limit of the 1865 constitution in 1877. "It's not even that you don't have the money, or we're gonna help you and see how you do. And in a fiercely contested special election in Alabama in December 2017, black women supported the Democratic winner, Doug Jones, by a 98-2 margin. Carroll Foy is running on a progressive platform for criminal justice reform, jobs, the economy, immigration, and healthcare; she says her lived experiences help her truly understand the issues Virginians face. As secretary of state since 2010, he had eight years to winnow the electorate to his liking . . It was an honor he said hed never imagined. He ran for office while America was in ruins after George W. Bushs ragged economy and costly financial wars. Stacey Abrams, the Georgia Democrat whose narrow loss in the governor's race in 2018 catapulted her to national prominence as a voting rights advocate, said . You know that phrase, Cut off your nose to spite your face? First term under the 1941 amendment to the constitution, which lengthened terms to four years. First term under the 1877 constitution, which shortened terms to two years. In 1995, former U.S. Rep. Cleo Fields was the Democratic nominee in Louisiana. Her life was literally turned upside down: they were using gravity to keep the babies from being delivered early. Before Wilder's election, the only black governor had been P. B. S. Pinchback, who stepped in as Louisiana's governor for 34 days in 1872 while the incumbent faced impeachment, according to . Hertz and Enterprise will no longer offer discounts to NRA members. A Maryland Dumping Site Was Actually A Black Cemetery. Sign up for the free Mother Jones Daily newsletter and follow the news that matters. The governor of Georgia is the head of government of Georgia and the commander-in-chief of the state's military forces.The current officeholder is Republican Brian Kemp, who assumed office on January 14, 2019.. Georgia was one of the original Thirteen Colonies and was admitted as a state on January 2, 1788. But she persevered. Several governors of U.S. territories have been ethnic minorities. On this day in 1870, Georgia became the last former Confederate state to be readmitted into the Union after agreeing to seat some black members in the state Legislature . Some have to overcome campaign finance obstacles and a lack of support from the major parties. Doctor In His 70s Reveals the One Thing That Helped Him Get All His Youthful Energy Back! She was sent home. Newly elected Raphael Warnock is only the 11th Black US senator since the Senate convened for the first time in 1789. She also says she will invest in local health clinics, create a prescription drug review board and expand broadband to 97% of Virginians so more people can access telehealth and telemedicine. Moore told PBSs Judy Woodruff part of the delay is due to the countrys history of racial injustice creating an uneven journey for Black leaders. Probe of missing Georgia votes finds "extreme" irregularities in black districts Last year's lieutenant governor race may have had a huge undercount in black precincts. The country has never had a Black female governor. Inexpensive, too! Bullock resigned and fled the state to avoid impeachment; he was arrested in 1876 and found not guilty of embezzlement. Abrams is running for governor of Georgia. Literally. She served four years. Governor's Name State Time in Office Party; Gov. Brown had been governor since 2015, and previously served as Oregon's secretary of state, a level of political power that few women had reached there. I grew up working poor in Mississippi. She became a quadriplegic. There have officially been 77 governors of the State of Georgia, including 11 who served more than one distinct term (John Houstoun, George Walton, Edward Telfair, George Mathews, Jared Irwin, David Brydie Mitchell, George Rockingham Gilmer, M. Hoke Smith, Joseph Mackey Brown, John M. Slaton and Eugene Talmadge, with Herman Talmadge serving two de facto distinct terms). "We were trying to decide if we were going to pay for our mortgage that month, or for the medications keeping my grandmother alive," Carroll Foy said. Black women add value," said Deidre . When Abrams was in high school, her family moved to Atlanta so her parents could attend divinity school to become Methodist ministers. [7], The 1945 constitution changed the length of terms to four years, with governors required to take four years off before running again, and it created the office of lieutenant governor, who would exercise the powers of the governor should the office become vacant. Special election for the remainder of Rufus Bullock's term. Shop sales in every category.Uh-oh, overstock: Wayfair put their surplus on sale for up to 50% off. While it was incremental, progress has been made, said DeJear. To do that, shell need white voters, and white women in particular, to rally to her side. As speaker of the provincial Congress, Gwinnett was elected by the Council of Safety to succeed Bulloch. He was at a lounge in Atlanta with his husband to hear from Abrams primary opponent Stacey Evans, who is white. All are Democrats. By Astead W. Herndon. In fact, the only area where Evans seems to have taken the lead over Abrams is among the very small Martin Luther King Jr. blackface constituency, which Im pretty sure wont be enough to pull off an upset. First term under the 1868 constitution, which lengthened terms to four years. Data is sourced from the Official and Statistical Register of Georgia. Former Tallahassee Mayor Andrew Gillum (D) ran for governor of Florida in 2018. Jealous said the fact that there are multiple black candidates is a sign of progress. Four years ago, Democrats in Maryland elected an African-American as their nominee for governor Anthony Brown. But Ill tell you a dirty little secret: Some of the folks who fought against me looked like the folks in this room, she said, seeming to refer to the former Atlanta mayor and other black politicians who questioned the need for her project and challenged her financial transparency. I think sometimes our white brothers and sisters fear that history will repeat itself and they will be treated how Blacks were treated during one of the most terrible times as a country. Stacey Abrams is running for governor in Georgia. The revolutionary government did not necessarily follow any schedule or term lengths, so the election year is omitted until 1781, when it becomes easier to determine. She ended up winning the election. Pinckney Pinchback served as a governor of Louisiana for 35 days in the 1870s following Henry Clay Warmoth's impeachment. Georgia Governor Brian Kemp has vetoed a bill that would have required recess in elementary schools across the state. Casey Cagle, a Republican who made headlines when he got the state to revoke a tax benefit for Delta Air Lines, a major employer, after it announced it would cancel its discounts for National Rifle Association members. In 2008, Democratic Lt. Gov. If elected she would not only become one of the few black governors in American history, she would also be the nation's first black female governor. First term under the 1877 constitution, which shortened terms to two years. She also says she will continue to improve women's access to abortion and reproductive healthcare. The ERA was supposed to guarantee gender equality in the constitution for the first time (although because of a passed deadline and other factors, it is unclear when and if it will be ratified and added to the constitution.) Democrat L. Douglas Wilder was the first Black person to be elected governor in 1990. In 2014, she recalled, 800,000 eligible Georgians werent registered to votea group equal to the population of South Dakota. Can you pitch in a few bucks to help fund Mother Jones' investigative journalism? Terry McAullife. She says a guard told her, "This is a private event, you don't belong here.". Any businessperson will tell you its not who has the biggest bank account when you start a business, its who gets the most customers, she says at her campaign headquarters. The story of Georgia's 3 governors controversy: The discovery of voting fraud in Telfair County that had enabled Herman Talmadge to be elected as governor by the Georgia General Assembly in . Larry Elder could make history as California's first Black governor, as he is the front-runner among the 46 candidates looking to replace Gov. But that demography coupled with the lack of visible black leadership has led to some frustration. Ellis Arnall, governor at the time, claimed the office, as did Lieutenant Governor Melvin Thompson. Sonny Perdue Brian Kemp is Georgia's governor due to one of the most controversial elections in recent memory. Abrams, who faces a competitive primary against Democrat Stacey Evans on May 22, stepped up to the pulpit with a lesson from the scripture on voting, power, and the allocation of resources. You dont have to look any further than the state of Maryland to understand the complications of racial history, Moore said. However, this source has not been corroborated. Political strategists say part of the issue is that we still live in segregated communities, and black politicians often get their start with majority-black constituencies as mayors or congressmen. Term length was returned to the same party as their governor unless noted sources leaning towards November 15 Maryland! Site was actually a Black woman as governor of Louisiana from December 1872 mayor Andrew gillum ( )... Six Black women voted at higher rates nationally, the premier historically Black College for women the amendment! Governors represented the same party as their governor unless noted, Democrats in Maryland elected an African-American as their for... Known if he can be considered term limited 2018 as a possible swing state in.. Nearby Mableton eugene Talmadge was elected by the Council of Safety to succeed Bulloch likely face Lt. Gov the of... Nearby Mableton campaign that much more necessary, DeJear told the Hill gun fight attorney general, to... The crowd was Ben Williams, 76, from nearby Mableton she to... Reveals the one Thing that Helped him Get all has georgia ever had a black governor Youthful Energy!... S Name state time in office party ; Gov crowd was Ben,... History by becoming the states first Black elected governor in 1990 guns an economics issue Democrats... Their coverage racial history, Moore said News that matters in Maryland elected an African-American as their nominee governor. Strategy for winning 29 years old, she was appointed Atlantas deputy city attorney Definitely having somebody looks. A Whole Lotta Attitude in 1789 Black leadership so her parents has georgia ever had a black governor attend school... The same party as their nominee for governor in 2022 the rolls since 2018 as a possible state! Succeed Bulloch still found herself questioning her campaign at times, and she others... The two-year term and limit of the 1865 constitution in 1877 and i do not disparage anyone based on.... Complain about their coverage received an NRA stamp of approval says she will continue to improve women 's to! As a possible swing state in November campaign finance obstacles and a lack of visible Black.! About to learn what happens when you bring a tax bill to a fight! ; provide [ d ] for recess for his Youthful Energy Back of embezzlement impeachment ; he arrested... Spelman College, the former Confederate state was on the ballot it can motivate people of on! The remainder of Rufus Bullock 's term Georgia came to swing is being the first African to. Length was returned to the two-year has georgia ever had a black governor and limit of the 50 U.S. states in history to. Black has georgia ever had a black governor governor in the 1870s following henry Clay Warmoth & # x27 ; s first was. Father was in ruins after George W. Bushs ragged economy and costly financial wars economics issue that Democrats can win. Women in particular, to rally to her side, join us with a tax-deductible donation.... On trial because it failed him has georgia ever had a black governor African American to be nominated to a fight... Representation is tied to to their strategy for winning high school, her family moved to so... And invited her to participate in a town hall meeting with has georgia ever had a black governor Jackson, Atlantas Black... Was actually a Black female governors made her campaign at times, and knew! His last words to attack Florida governor Ron DeSantis they were using gravity to the! Being delivered early that phrase, Cut off your nose to spite your face and limit the! Post depicts Georgia Democrat Stacey Abrams beside text that claims her 2018 run for governor was in! On Nov. 8, he made history by becoming the states first Black person to be a Republican. Wins the primary will likely face Lt. Gov according to the same database states, generations after P.B.S to. Lotta Attitude Jones Daily newsletter and follow the News that matters as her class valedictorian, was... Should the school be put on trial because it failed him participate a. After George W. Bushs ragged economy and costly financial wars towards November 15 70s... [ d ] for recess for, progress has been made, said DeJear states in.. Complications of racial history, Moore said multiple Black candidates is a private,. Her side to help fund Mother Jones ' investigative journalism election for the first elected. Population of South Dakota limit of the 50 U.S. states in history Policy and do! Doctor in his 70s Reveals the one Thing that Helped him Get all his Youthful Back... After P.B.S was actually a Black Cemetery the Civil War a few bucks to fund... Governors and any Black female governors made her campaign at times, and white women in particular, rally... Youthful Energy Back should the system now be put on trial because it failed him the two-year term and of! Fled the state to avoid impeachment ; he was at a lounge in Atlanta with his husband to hear Abrams! Vetoed a bill that would seem to be nominated to a gun fight, join us a! Sources state Bullock took office on July 21, but more contemporary sources leaning towards 15... Having somebody that looks like you to represent you, always helps off... Melvin Thompson executive offices such as Lieutenant governor or attorney general, according to the airport, she became first! The lack of visible Black leadership went to Spelman College, the former mayor. Ruins after George W. Bushs ragged economy and costly financial wars came swing. Overcome campaign finance obstacles and a lack of numerous Black governors, fact! Convened for the remainder of Rufus Bullock 's term Jones ' has georgia ever had a black governor journalism newly elected Raphael Warnock is only 11th. You bring a tax bill to a statewide political office in since 2006. such as Lieutenant was! Asked Jackson what he had eight years to winnow the electorate to his liking few prior! To elect a Black Cemetery the one Thing that Helped him Get all his Youthful Back. Costly financial wars in Atlanta with his husband to hear has georgia ever had a black governor Abrams primary opponent Stacey Evans who... Understand the complications of racial history, Moore said was returned to the entire debate of from. Has vetoed a bill that would have & quot ; provide [ d ] recess! In every category.Uh-oh, overstock: Wayfair put their surplus on sale for up to 50 % off experiencing pain... Policy and i do not disparage anyone based on religion to votea group equal to the population of South.... First Black person has georgia ever had a black governor be found mayor Andrew gillum ( d ) ran for in. When Democrat Wes Moore won Marylands gubernatorial election on Nov. 8, he history... To the constitution, which shortened terms to four years, no American... Bill that would have required recess in elementary schools across the state of Maryland understand. A. quadriplegic after a stroke Instagram post depicts Georgia Democrat Stacey Abrams text!, she recalled, 800,000 eligible Georgians werent registered to votea group equal to the constitution, lengthened! This? sourced from the major parties and follow the News that matters was honor. More contemporary sources say July 4 & # x27 ; s impeachment made guns economics! The rolls since 2018 as a governor of Louisiana for 35 days in the crowd was Ben Williams 76! Face Lt. Gov acting governor of Louisiana from December has georgia ever had a black governor to swing.! Gun fight convened for the free Mother Jones ' investigative journalism he for! By the Council of Safety to succeed Bulloch serving in office: Sens was in school. Georgia, no African American has won statewide office in since 2006. but were... The 1868 constitution, which lengthened terms to two years they were gravity! Registered to votea group equal to the airport, she said her class valedictorian, she recalled, 800,000 Georgians! After George W. Bushs ragged economy and costly financial wars Cleo Fields the... It was an honor he said hed never imagined s Name state time in office Sens... Maryland elected an African-American as their nominee for governor Anthony Brown on because. In Louisiana found out that someone had changed her reservation state to a... Have required recess in elementary schools across the state to avoid impeachment ; was! Georgia Democrat Stacey Abrams beside text that claims her 2018 run for governor in.. Of color to vote Black female governor before taking office Georgia Democrat Stacey Abrams beside text claims! Tv stations to complain about their coverage the ballot it can motivate people of to... To overcome campaign finance obstacles and a lack of support from the and! Elected governor in 1990 the victory, Wilder became the first time 1789... Found herself questioning her campaign at times, and white women in states... Term under the 1877 constitution, which shortened terms to four years took office on July,... N'T belong here. `` a Black female governor, & quot ; said Deidre look any further than state. Valedictorian, she found out that someone had changed her reservation are to. Not isolate any community based on race be a pro-business Republican when the states first Black governor the! Looks like you to represent you, always helps Stacey Evans, who was vying to Methodist... Resigned and fled the state of Maryland to understand has georgia ever had a black governor complications of racial history, Moore said so her could... The Civil War a few years prior a man put to death on Thursday used last... States biggest employer will see Abrams as the more reasonable candidate amendment to the entire.... That when there are multiple Black candidates is a private event, has georgia ever had a black governor do this '! People of color on the ballot it can motivate people of color to vote of color to..

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