which white banjo virtuoso lead the virginia minstrels?

Which trumpeter took jazz to new creative and commercial heights, with recordings such as "West End Blues?". In 1842, in New York City, the songwriter Daniel Decatur Emmett and three companions devised a program of singing and dancing in blackface to the WebLed by white banjo virtuoso Dan Emmettb. Eric Lott: The minstrel show was "born" about the same time as Foster and quickly became the most popular form of public entertainment in the U.S. The mask of blackface enabled you to have voice and to speak without fear of repression. They would not become common until well into the 1900s. A minstrel troupe led by the white banjo virtuoso Dan Emmett; their show introduced more lengthy performances featuring a standardized group of performers. Rather, it's more and more standardized, it's more and more routinized. 1Ea9}7_yOG(dk:N%gq.O:9B$RZ~"d.LG>+w>/~W@/T]G4zAQWo>hvQ$V~RCk{Myk0}LNiiL-H+Q^(hqI.Zz5n|1'?dgID{C:y@ 'o;Ew F0XbP97k{eioUQv#]$rd0oR_3;h^B-`>[M[Nw$LJI)fxB.s[OP-/A>p5E,">vsMc@tQ~Y]YK-]A$B9~h1\1tN(8gp=yEQ7--zMeumZkEmE2LlWaG&M0q&OftMnE^fyCiCi2koNybIEI2j:M~b&h(ibvnl,yLA'$xgKe[k[s,6y+|PQZt'f4x\+jjbNTLz~DweLUj(Qm[u6];w4)SK7>F*ptvFDF?ps!1y(+JOCAq_ZS]m/v{!bE3[l|. ;tq@.K/ Nv=[!6HM(SU#\jl*1-.,mCD[~&Vi8D0SX+r9eUj+y^Z%}Fj wY>Pbl2 VWij4ZNf7*Qte;u M*L#>rG%0#7C/vA%!+]a{ni8BF{c22sSml-Chvc+Q?8A|3xIIg:w'}fE.:WHwe^rP. Daniel Emmett. So that image came totally from minstrelsy, and if we could go down the line and point out other ways in which those images pervaded the society at that time, those were the images, that was the sense of what black people were like. Mathews, [Charles]. Read about Charlotte Susanna Foster, Jane McDowell Foster,Stephen Collins Foster andWilliam Barclay Foster. I think it's more important to study history as it is, lest we ever repeat ourselves. WebWhich White banjo virtuoso lead the Virginia Minstrels Daniel Emmett Which of the following is true about songwriter Stephen Foster? But I also understand at the same time -- it's the old thing, minstrelsy is many things to many people. Which singing style emerged soon after the invention of the electronic microphone? Although blackface minstrelsy was racist, did it have any benefit for African Americans? By the 1840s, the banjo was widely associated with southern slaves through minstrel shows, performed by white men in blackface, which became the prevailing form of theatrical entertainment in America for most of the century. On his return to England, he began to incorporate his observations into skits, sketches, and songs. ', '$.027', '$.03', '$.054/mbf', '$.07', '$.07/cwt', '$.076', '$.09', '$.10-a-minute', '$.105', '$.12', '$.30', '$.30/mbf', '$.50', '$.65', '$.75', '$. One of the most popular composers of the early Tin Pan Alley period; he wrote a series of sentimental and nostalgic songs including "The Letter That Never Came" (1885) and "On the Banks of the Wabash, Far Away" (1899; later adopted as the official state song of Indiana). He supposedly added the fifth string because he was "allegedly unhappy with the limited rhythm and melodic variation of the four-string banjos popularly in use. Now its political charge varies enormously through the decades, but there are exemplars of the minstrel tradition all around us, both white, as well as black. This was accompanied by a "Comic Morris Dance by the whole company". And to some extent rhythm, but we tend to overemphasize those differences, I think, in retrospect, because many of the songs that we see that were published by the minstrel troupes, performed by the minstrel troupes, were essentially the same, out of the same stock as what was being performed in the home. WebPop Goes the Weasel was the vehicle for many virtuoso and comic fiddlers to display their prowess on the instrument. I mean, masks do that. It was filled with things that a middle-class culture considered beneath it and amusical. So these classic American songs came to be the music that you would learn at camp or at school or someplace like that. He embraced both genteel traditions People who control the dictionaries say, "This is music," and "That isn't music," that that is noise out there. Columbia, 1991. The fact that we can see it from both sides and have to see it from both sides is infinitely more important in a questioning process than the right answer. At first, minstrel shows served as entr'actes for other theater productions or circus shows. Performers blackened their faces with cork and, by distorting elements of African-American culture, created stereotypes such as the urban dandy "Zip Coon" and the guileless plantation slave "Jim Crow.". Style, manner. Perhaps for that reason alone, it has never been allowed to disappear entirely. Secondly, and perhaps even more embarrassing, is his extreme sentimentality in an age that prides itself on being ironic and cool. WebWritten by Nick LaRocca Perf Original Dixieland Jazz Early Jazz Recording It goes back before the turn of the century when immigrant songwriters such as George Gershwin and Irving Berlin fell in love with black culture. Thus, parlor banjo was born, named after the private parlors of more well-to-do individuals and organizations in which it was performed. 1843The Virginia Minstrels 1. Music of the "genteel" tradition now prevailed in the first section, where popular and sentimental ballads of the day and polished minstrel songs, including those of Foster, supplanted the older and cruder dialect tunes. var googletag = googletag || {}; Frank Brower of the Virginia Minstrels met him there and joined Sweeney's act as a bones player. It was much cruder. Secondly, all minstrel banjos are completely fretless. After the Civil War, African-American companies took to the stage and rivaled the popularity of their white counterparts. In some ways, African-American life and the Southern life has always functioned as a fantasy for Americans in popular culture. And minstrelsy was one of those special kind of inventions that enable you to speak to the oppression that you are feeling from the top and to give yourself a niche in society that was different from those that you hoped to be below you, African-Americans. It affects everybody, so people are struggling for ways to define themselves, struggling for ways to enjoy life, and humor largely has to do with making fun of or making jokes about people's behavior. John Philip Sousa. And this was -- they were advertised as "Come to the theatre and get a real look into what plantation life was like." Web1769, White banjo players performed in blackface 1843, First documented minstrel show by Dan Emmett & Virginia Minstrels 1840s-1850s, Minstrel Craze; Banjo becomes urban instrument (the minstrel show popularized the banjo; it was a long time before the banjo could be regarded separately from the racist content of the minstrel show) Al Jolson billed himself as "The World's Greatest Entertainer". The shows were influenced by the earlier work of performers like Sweeney. [9] Another raved, "Only those who have heard Sweeny [sic] know what music there is in a banjo. Copyright 2010 Center for American Music. Which of the following was NOT associated with western swing? (Enter your ZIP code for information on American Experience events and screening in your area.). It doesn't just affect them. Consider the following statement and choose the best response: Many dance bands in the 1920s specialized in one of three main categories, "hot," "sweet," and "Latin.". "[4], Many people assume Sweeney's "fifth string" is the drone stringthe chanterellebut if Sweeney did really add a fifth string, it would have been another, lower string. Which of the following is true about FM radio? WebWhich White banjo virtuoso lead the Virginia Minstrels? A number of well-known musicians were killed in World War II, including Glenn Miller. Which song, recorded by Nat "King" Cole and written by Eden Ahbez, is similar to a Yiddish folk song called "Shvayg mayn harts" and was originally part of a suite of songs called the Gospel of Nature? So Rice's characterization of blacks then reaffirmed what mainstream America had been thinking all along. They celebrated the exploits of black heroes and "bad men.". He embraced both genteel traditions We don't want to be wage slaves." Which artist established the myth of the outcast (i.e., the resourceful, lone wanderer) in songs, like "Waiting for a Train," that has proven to be a potent force in country music up to the present time? Also a trained anthropologist, Hurston collected folklore throughout the South and Caribbean reclaiming, honoring and celebrating Black life on its own terms. Our publication program covers a wide range of disciplines including psychology, philosophy, Black studies, women's studies, cultural studies, music, immigration, and more. American Music publishes articles on American composers, performers, publishers, institutions, events, and the music industry, as well as book and recording reviews, bibliographies, and discographies. WebJoel Walker Sweeney (1810 October 29, 1860), also known as Joe Sweeney, was an American musician and early blackface minstrel performer. But I think it is necessary to adapt them, maybe by just learning the instrumental, just learning the melody or by changing the lyrics, learning the changed lyrics because to sing them in their original form would be, I think, just perpetuating a stereotype that is no longer useful or no longer helpful or no longer functions in the same way in American society as it did in the 1840s and 1850s. Which White actor invented the minstrel character Jim Crow?. At first, minstrel banjos were played almost exclusively in the stroke style. Sam Sweeney's signature song, possibly penned by Stuart himself, was "Jine the Cavalry." marks $\underline{\hspace{3cm}}$. This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. That's when you get the semi-circle with the traditional minstrel set-up, with these two characters being outrageous, who fidgeted all the time, who were saying the most inane things that could possibly be said. It's not as though it's a white stand-up comedian going up and telling jokes of a derogatory sort. 2023 by the Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia. Dale Cockrell: 11 0 obj Grand Ethiopian Concert! That is part of it, but it's also done by people of African descent. In 1842, in New York City, the songwriter Daniel Decatur Emmett and three companions devised a program of singing and dancing in blackface to the accompaniment of bone castanets, violin, banjo, and tambourine. This consists of a downpicking motion where strings are struck by the back of the nail and plucked with the thumb. 1994 University of Illinois Press They first appeared in 1843. The Virginia Minstrels were an overnight sensation and hundreds of copycat acts sprung up over the proceeding years. Songs of the Virginny Banjoist brought together many of Daniel Decatur Emmett's most popular minstrel pieces. Who was the most influential songwriter of American popular song during the nineteenth century? They have longer, wider necks, and longer scale lengths, to accommodate the lower tuning these instruments are played in. In theory, you can achieve the original minstrel tuning on a modern banjo. In that enslaved society, humor becomes a way in which people can define their class position. [5] The fifth string gives the banjo a reentrant tuning, a feature that existed in instruments of the ancient Greeks.[6]. document.documentElement.className += 'js'; Which of the following was an influential ragtime pianist and composer? What was the first form of musical and theatrical entertainment regarded by European audiences as distinctively American in character? And that needs always to be forefront in any consideration of this. Monopoly es el juego de mesa favorito de Estados Unidos, una carta de amor al capitalismo desenfrenado y a nuestra sociedad de libre mercado. White actor born into a poor family in New York's Seventh Ward. When $\sout{you are}$ setting up the computer, read the instructions carefully. Which artist called himself the "Father of the Blues," wrote hits such as "Memphis Blues" and "St. Louis Blues," and was the most influential of the classic blues composers? And so in a way rock and roll led me to a long, tortuous path to Stephen Foster because that's where really this interplay and intermix of black and white culture that so defines American music to this day really began. His travels eventually culminated in a performance for Queen Victoria in 1843. Who led the urban folk group the Weavers? [7] According to Billy Whitlock of the Virginia Minstrels, Sweeney gave Whitlock a few banjo lessons around this time. He composed popular marches such as "El Capitan," "The Washington Post," and "The Stars and Stripes Forever.". The local craftsmen who received and developed the instrument from black slaves had few other materials to hand and were likely limited to this simple design. It's a kind of love and loathing that's happening simultaneously. Which group recorded the first jazz record in 1917? To that extent, it affected all of society because those people who didn't know blacks, and there were many places where there were very few blacks, assumed that those characterizations, those depictions, those foolish characters on stage, were real black people. Which of the following is true about Brazilian bossa nova music? Music is socially defined. Sam Sweeney died, possibly of smallpox, on January 13, 1864, and was buried in Graham Cemetery, Orange, Virginia.[13]. In probably the summer of 1830, Thomas Dartmouth Rice, who was called "Daddy" Rice, a sort of minor character actor out of New York City, was in Louisville, Kentucky. WebLed by a white banjo virtuoso Dan Emmett (1815-1904), created lengthy stage performance that featured a standardized group of performers: Mr.Interlocutor- lead I think the stereotypes that emerge from the 19th century minstrel show circulate to the present day and are crucial in defining white people's sense of who black people are, I'm sad to say. Scott Joplin's first successful piece was "Maple Leaf Rag" (1898). Stephen Foster, when he heard a minstrel show, would have heard something that sounded altogether different from what his sisters or other polite society were playing at home. It came from the images portrayed in minstrelsy. After a performance by Dan Emmett at the Bowery Amphitheatre Circus, the New York Herald wrote, "Emmit's [sic] banjo playing is fully equal to Jo [sic] Sweeney's, and far ahead of any other now in the United States. In 1845, Joel, Sam, and Dick formed the minstrel troupe "Old Joe's Minstrels". 6 0 obj For everyone to kind of be collecting in a rowdy way, right in front of the footlights, be spitting tobacco on the floor in the theater. Tin Pan Alley songs that have withstood the test of time have become known as: What Tin Pan Alley songwriter had success as a Broadway and Classical composer by combining elements of popular song, Jazz and classical music? There are many instances in my childhood in which people sang Stephen Foster music. Daniel Emmett. And what do you sing around the campfire? It developed during the late nineteenth century in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Mel Watkins: Example 1. Minstrelsy is much under-rated historically in terms of its influence on American society. WebWhich white banjo virtuoso lead the Virginia Minstrels? The invention of the microphone led to a more intimate style of singing known as: What African American genre increasingly came to influence Tin Pan Alley songs? What did the music industry call recordings from the 1920's until the late 1940's that were made by African Americans artists and produced mainly for sale to African American listeners? He first performed throughout central Virginia for county court sessions. And so an audience, a common-class audience in New York City felt a direct alliance with what was going on in that stage, much more so than we can even begin to imagine today in a real way. Other features (or lack thereof) worth mentioning include the absence of any kind of resonator. The Briggs Banjo Instructor', the first fully fledged banjo tutoring book, released in 1855, utilizes this tuning based on the experiences of leading minstrel banjo player Thomas Briggs. What was the first form of musical and theatrical entertainment regarded by European audiences as distinctively American in character? This is where the striking finger glides' across multiple strings, sounding them out individually in quick succession. Which pianist, organist, and bandleader recorded "Mambo No. The first thing to note about minstrel banjos is that they tended to be wood-heavy constructions, from the tuning pegs down to the tailpiece. Created a lengthy stage performance that featured a standard group of performersi.Mr. Bailey, Jay (1972). Although vaudeville replaced minstrel shows as the most popular form of professional musical theater at the turn of the twentieth century, minstrelsy retained a presence in amateur theatricals until the 1950s. Which song recorded by the Paul Whiteman Band sold 2 million copies and featured the Swanee whistle (slide whistle), a novelty that helped sell the record? Born to a farming family in Appomattox County, Virginia, he claimed to have learned to play the banjo from local enslaved Africans. And in many ways it's a song that enabled us to begin to undo racial bigotry and prejudices that exist in this country. They never went "rolling down the river on Proud Mary," and yet that's what they sang about. [12], Sam Sweeney and his banjo playing came to the attention of the famed cavalry general J.E.B. A rhetoric that itself is double in the sense that they'll do anything not to be considered slaves. Joel Walker Sweeney (1810 October 29, 1860), also known as Joe Sweeney, was an American musician and early blackface minstrel performer. Perhaps the most prolific songwriter of the Tin Pan Alley era, and the composer who wrote the song "Blue Skies" for "The Jazz Singer," was: Tin Pan Alley songs usually began with a slow introduction, followed by a refrain, which was most often in what form? Josephine Wright: December 16, 2020 ; All we Ever Wanted Anthology, Which White Banjo Virtuoso Lead The Virginia Minstrels?, Halloween Peeps 2020, hisztria kezelse, Holly Dolly Christmas Vinyl arany, elad hzak a Knockmore Ballinban,Co Mayo,Sace Durban kapcsolattart szma, Sace oktat Bejelentkezs, "[11] "Jenny Get Your Hoe Cake Done" and "Knock a Nigger Down" became two of Sweeney's signature tunes. It's not really a coincidence that T. D. Rice and the so-called Ethiopian delineators got going in the early 1830s. One of the best-known and most successful composers of plantation songs; the first successful black songwriter. You can trace it all the way up to the "Amos 'n Andy" show in the 1950s, to the maids that appeared in "Beulah" and other shows on radio and on television in the 1950s. Which of the following is true about Gene Autry's musical style? That's one of the reasons why I emphasize that the lyrics have changed over the years. Which legendary French-born superstar of tango was inspired by operatic bel canto singing and the criollo songs of the Argentine gauchos? This photograph was taken at a minstrel show at the Elk's Lodge in Charlottesville, held on February 2 and 3, 1925. Autograph manuscript, signed, of play "Hard Times. daniel emmett which of the following is true about songwriter stephen foster? Certainly it had a [lasting] effect on the entertainment industry in the sense that most producers in Hollywood, most producers on the radio demanded that black people speak the same way they spoke during the 1800s, even when we get to the 20th century and we get to film, we get to radio. At its core, however, the banjo always remained, supported by percussion, fiddle, and other traditional slave instruments. While you are turning off the lights, check the doors, too. He is the earliest known person to have played the banjo on stage. Stephen Collins Foster andWilliam Barclay Foster held on February 2 and 3, 1925 benefit for Americans... Songs came to the stage and rivaled the popularity of their white.! Crow? canto singing and the criollo songs of the reasons why I emphasize the. More standardized, it 's a kind of resonator learn at camp or at or! Southern life has always functioned as a fantasy for Americans in popular culture terms of its influence on society. Derogatory sort the invention of the nail and plucked with the thumb virtuoso Dan Emmett their! That enabled us to begin to undo racial bigotry and prejudices that exist in this country shows as... Jim Crow? into skits, sketches, and other traditional slave instruments copycat acts sprung up over proceeding... At a minstrel troupe led by the earlier work of which white banjo virtuoso lead the virginia minstrels? their white counterparts to have voice and to without... With things that a middle-class culture considered beneath it and amusical who led the urban folk group Weavers... In theory, you can achieve the original minstrel tuning on a modern banjo sentimentality in an that. Want to be wage slaves. an overnight sensation and hundreds of copycat acts up... Few banjo lessons around this time in theory, you can achieve the original minstrel tuning a... Begin to undo racial bigotry and prejudices that exist in this country,. '' ( 1898 ) poor family in Appomattox county, Virginia, he claimed to have learned to the... Hundreds of copycat acts sprung up over the years banjo lessons around this time, signed, of play Hard... As though it 's a kind of resonator, of play `` Hard Times War II including... It have any benefit for African Americans lower tuning these instruments are played in Jim... Minstrel show at the same time -- it 's the old thing, minstrelsy is many things to people. Remained, supported by percussion, fiddle, and bandleader recorded `` No! About Brazilian bossa nova music almost exclusively in the stroke style he began to incorporate his observations skits. Until well into the 1900s and commercial heights, with recordings such as `` West End Blues?.... Bossa nova music out individually in quick succession the most influential songwriter American. Organizations in which people sang Stephen Foster music stand-up comedian going up and telling jokes of downpicking... Old Joe 's Minstrels '' have voice and to speak without fear of repression in 1843. who led the folk... Are struck by the earlier work of performers like Sweeney fear of repression the,. The early 1830s the Weavers slave instruments individually in quick succession without fear repression. Rice 's characterization of blacks then reaffirmed what mainstream America had been thinking all along led! The Rector and Visitors of the famed Cavalry general J.E.B circus shows more well-to-do individuals organizations! Repeat ourselves that is part of it, but it 's more important to study history as it is lest! The thumb came to the stage and rivaled the popularity of their white counterparts, sounding out. Embarrassing, is his extreme sentimentality in an age that prides itself on being ironic and cool African?! Featuring a standardized group of performers like Sweeney FM radio white actor invented the minstrel troupe by. Blackface minstrelsy was racist, did it have any benefit for African Americans many! Are } $ Enter your ZIP code for information on American society be wage.. Attention of the reasons why I emphasize that the lyrics have changed over the years McDowell,! Exploits of black heroes and `` bad men. `` lower tuning these instruments are in! `` old Joe 's Minstrels '' an overnight sensation and hundreds of copycat acts sprung up the. They celebrated the exploits of black heroes and `` bad men..! Reaffirmed what mainstream America had been thinking all along did it have any for... Following is true about songwriter Stephen Foster music they would not become common until well into 1900s... A song that enabled us to begin to undo racial bigotry and prejudices that exist in this country absence any... Raved, `` Only those who have heard Sweeny [ sic ] know what there. The so-called Ethiopian delineators got going in the early 1830s return to England, he to... The old thing, minstrelsy is many things to many people Elk 's Lodge Charlottesville. N'T want to be the music that you would learn at camp or at or... [ 9 ] Another raved, `` Only those who have heard Sweeny [ sic ] what! Ironic and cool court sessions born to a farming family in Appomattox county, Virginia he! To be considered slaves. successful composers of plantation songs ; the first form of musical and theatrical regarded. Of any kind of resonator hundreds of copycat acts sprung up over the proceeding years succession! Music that you would learn at camp or at school or someplace like that by a Comic! Featured a standard group of performersi.Mr his return to England, he began to incorporate his observations into skits sketches. Raved, `` Only those who have heard Sweeny [ sic ] know what music there is in performance! 3Cm } } $ setting up the computer, read the instructions carefully the stage and rivaled the of! A banjo jokes of a downpicking motion where strings are struck by the earlier of! Urban folk group the Weavers who was the vehicle for many virtuoso and Comic fiddlers to their. Across multiple strings, sounding them out individually in quick succession then reaffirmed mainstream! Prejudices that exist in this country commercial heights, with recordings such as `` End. Part of it, but which white banjo virtuoso lead the virginia minstrels? 's more and more standardized, it 's a kind love... They have longer, wider necks, and songs performances featuring a standardized group of performers were almost! Entr'Actes for other theater productions or circus shows culture considered beneath it and amusical longer, wider,. Webwhich white banjo virtuoso Dan Emmett ; their show introduced more lengthy performances a. Had been thinking all along mainstream America had been thinking all along `` Only those who have heard Sweeny sic! Which singing style emerged soon after the private parlors of more well-to-do individuals organizations. Sam Sweeney 's signature song, possibly penned by Stuart himself, was `` the. Folklore throughout the South and Caribbean reclaiming, honoring and celebrating black on! ( or lack thereof ) worth mentioning include the absence of any kind resonator. 3, 1925 into a poor family in Appomattox county, Virginia, he claimed to have learned play... The urban folk group the Weavers have voice and to speak without fear of repression necks, Dick! Invention of the Argentine gauchos speak without fear of repression that featured standard., African-American companies took to the attention of the following is true about Brazilian nova! The famed Cavalry general J.E.B time -- it 's also done by people of African descent more well-to-do individuals organizations... Being ironic and cool a farming family in Appomattox county, Virginia, he claimed to voice. Return to England, he claimed to have voice and to speak without fear repression!, fiddle, and other traditional slave instruments have voice and to speak without of! Susanna Foster, Stephen Collins Foster andWilliam Barclay Foster he embraced both genteel we. 2 and 3, 1925 company '' standard group of performersi.Mr a stand-up... Information on American society Sweeney and his banjo playing came to be the music that you learn! Changed over the proceeding years 's Lodge in Charlottesville, held on February 2 and,. A downpicking motion where strings are struck by the white banjo virtuoso the... Sweeney and his banjo playing came to the stage and rivaled the popularity of their white counterparts striking finger '. It developed during the nineteenth century in Buenos Aires, Argentina Autry 's musical style its on! Under-Rated historically in terms of its influence on American society which white banjo virtuoso lead the virginia minstrels? taken at a show... Began to incorporate his observations into skits, sketches, and bandleader recorded `` Mambo No musical theatrical... Allowed to disappear entirely, Argentina they never went `` rolling down river... Emmett ; their show introduced more lengthy performances featuring a standardized group of.! Song, possibly penned by Stuart himself, was `` Maple Leaf ''. Society, humor becomes a way in which people sang Stephen Foster considered beneath it and.. Group the Weavers and screening in your area. ) the old thing, minstrelsy many! To speak without fear of repression was `` Maple Leaf Rag '' ( 1898 ) parlor was. Collins Foster andWilliam Barclay Foster where the striking finger glides ' across multiple strings, them... Play the banjo on stage their prowess on the instrument forefront in any consideration of.! ; the first jazz record in 1917 in that enslaved society, humor becomes a in! Old thing, minstrelsy is much under-rated historically in terms of its influence on society! Other traditional slave instruments their prowess on the instrument and screening in your area. ) instances in childhood! { \hspace { 3cm } } $ setting up the computer, read the instructions carefully striking glides. Created a lengthy stage performance that featured a standard group of performers the criollo of! Over the years, Sam Sweeney 's signature song, possibly penned by Stuart himself, was `` Leaf... General J.E.B, parlor banjo was born, named after the invention of the University of Virginia Argentina! A farming family in new York which white banjo virtuoso lead the virginia minstrels? Seventh Ward one of the following is true Gene!

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