vitamin b12 deficiency in diabetic patients

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Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Taking omeprazole (Prilosec), lansoprazole (Prevacid) or WebVitamin B12 deficiency is highly prevalent, especially in patients with diabetic neuropathy. (10.2337/dc11-1582) Comparison of Patients Receiving Long-Term Metformin Therapy and Vitamin B. There are a few different options as far as how you can treat your vitamin b12 deficiency if you are diabetic. According to a study, almost 22% of people with diabetes were low in B-12, suggesting that metformin is the reason. This cross-sectional study was undertaken on 351 patients with diabetes at a specialised public diabetes clinic in Gaborone between July 2017 and October 2017. Furthermore, because of the paucity of data on Saudi patients, this study aimed to find the prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency in metformin-treated T2DM patients in selected Ministry of Health (MoH) hospitals in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, and determine the knowledge and perception of physicians on vitamin B12 screening, to be able to make a recommendation for screening, as suggested by ADA and the European Association for the study of diabetes.[2627]. Irritability. Problems concentrating. In diabetes, blood glucose level goes low beyond a certain limit. Berchtold P, Bolli P, Arbenz U, Keiser G. Disturbance of intestinal absorption following metformin therapy (observations on the mode of action of biguanides) [in German]. The Steno Diabetes People usually take this vitamin along with folate and other vitamin B complexes. Vitamin B12 deficiency is a common condition that can manifest with neurological, psychiatric, and haematological disorders. The objective of this study is to determine the frequency of vitamin B12 deficiency among Indian patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus on metformin therapy compared to those who are Fuchs HE, O'Connell K, Du M, Navarro SL, Brasky TM, Kantor ED. National Library of Medicine Compared with participants with normal Vitamin B12 levels, deficient participants were significantly older (64 vs. 56 years, p=0.014) and had a longer duration of metformin use (7 vs. 4 years, p=0.024). Accessibility https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Keywords: Sample size was calculated using the formula (N = 4 pq/d2, where N is the sample size, P is the expected population, q = 1-p, and d as the precision. When IF binds with Vitamin B12, a vitamin B12-IF complex forms, this complex plays a vital role in the absorption of vitamin B12 in your body. Please try again soon. No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s). and transmitted securely. The recommended daily amount of vitamin B-12 for adults is 2.4 micrograms. By closing this message, you are consenting to our use of cookies. If you are suffering from an absorption problem, taking more vitamins will do nothing better for you. 2019 May 23;7:2050312119853433. doi: 10.1177/2050312119853433. Would you like email updates of new search results? Snchez H, Masferrer D, Lera L, Arancibia E, Angel B, Albala C. Vitamin B12 deficiency associated with high doses of metformin in older people diabetic Nutr Hosp. Vitamin B12 deficiency is very serious because it leads to certain complications, including diabetes and anemia. There was no vitamin B12 deficiency in 53 (45.4%) of the patients. 2015 Dec;41(6):550-5. doi: 10.1016/j.encep.2015.07.004. Long-term metformin use and vitamin B12 deficiency in the diabetes prevention program outcomes study. There were only 16 patients (4.4%) who had available serum vitamin B12 levels. Metab., 101 (2016), pp. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 162 patients. The prevalence of vitamin B 12 deficiency in metformin-treated type 2 diabetes patients was 9.5% (n = 76), and the mean vitamin B 12 level was 662.5 246.7 pg/mL. 405412. Accessed Jan. 9, 2021. Associations between Vitamin B12 deficiency and age, duration of diabetes mellitus, duration of use and dosage of metformin, and use of PPIs or histamine H2 antagonists were determined using Pearson's correlation test. There was no difference in the prevalence of peripheral neuropathy in those with normal vitamin B12 levels and those with vitamin B12 deficiency. For more information, please refer to our Privacy Policy. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). 2017;65:10616, 20. Journal of Korean Medical Science 2014. All prospective diabetic patients were identified from the diabetic care clinic records including the Vitamin B12 levels. ated type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Liu et al. A total of 6 of the 16 patients (37.5%) used PPI, and 11 (68.8%) had Vitamin B12 supplementation. information and will only use or disclose that information as set forth in our notice of Objective: In addition, female patients had higher levels of vitamin B12 compared to men (coefficient: 49.1; CI 95%: 2.3-95). 2022;74(7):2373-2383. doi: 10.1080/01635581.2021.2007271. Type 2 There were 210 patients (57.9%) who were on vitamin B12 supplementation, of which 111 (30.6%) had a daily dose of 200 mcg [Table 2]. Independent t-test was performed to determine the significant difference between continuous variables. [3], Metformin has been one of the most widely used antidiabetic agents taken orally. In this study an inverse correlation was found between diabetic neuropathy and the plasma level of vitamin B12. Those taking a higher metformin dose had lower levels of vitamin B12 (coefficient: -0.061; CI 95%: -0.09, -0.024). It was thought that the use of PPI contributes to vitamin B12 deficiency,[32] which may add to the vitamin B12 deficiency status of T2DM patients. Conclusions In type 2 diabetic patients, treatment with metformin is associated to lower vitamin B 12 plasma levels. He is also a recipient of several awards and honors. Vitamin B12 deficiency is both underdiagnosed and undertreated [ 7, 8 ]. Accessed Jan. 9, 2021. Older adults and people with digestive tract conditions that affect absorption of nutrients also are susceptible to vitamin B-12 deficiency. Vitamin B12 is an essential micronutrient required for optimal hemopoetic, neuro-cognitive and cardiovascular function. In conclusion, the study demonstrated that vitamin B12 deficiency exists among diabetes patients attending Princess Marian Hospital diabetes clinic. 2012;35:32733, 9. Find out what works best for you with this 60-sec expert-approved quiz and get your Klinio app. 2012;35:e84. Long term treatment with metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes and risk of vitamin B12 deficiency: randomised placebo controlled trial, Vitamin B12 status of patients treated with metformin: a cross-sectional cohort study, Metformin-associated vitamin B12 deficiency in the elderly, Vitamin B12 in metformin-treated diabetic patients: a cross-sectional study in Brazil, Increased intake of calcium reverses vitamin B12 malabsorption induced by metformin, Autoimmune gastritis in type 1 diabetes: a clinically oriented review, Accuracy of body mass index in diagnosing obesity in the adult general population, Development and validity testing of the neuropathy total symptom score-6: questionnaire for the study of sensory symptoms of diabetic peripheral neuropathy, Diagnosis of cobalamin deficiency: the old and the new, Conclusions of a WHO technical consultation on folate and vitamin B12 deficiencies. The mean (SD) age of the participants was 57 (15) years, two-thirds (67.2%) were females, and the majority (92.9%) had Type 2 diabetes. The tool is prone to subjectivity as it is symptom dependent, and there is a possibility of misclassification of participants. You may be trying to access this site from a secured browser on the server. We wanted to determine the prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency in metformin-treated type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. [25] There have been no studies that explored the knowledge and perceptions of physicians on vitamin B12 screening. 2020 Oct 21;13:3873-3878. doi: 10.2147/DMSO.S270393. Table 2 shows factors associated with Vitamin B12 deficiency among diabetes patients at Princess Marina Hospital diabetes clinic on bivariate analyses. Results: [Figure 1] A total of 51 (51.0%) order vitamin B12 testing supplementation only if they have symptoms of neuropathy, 9 (9.0%) if patients have anemia, 19 (19.0%) routinely order vitamin B12 testing, and 21 (21.0%) never prescribe vitamin B12 to their patients [Figure 2]. The site is secure. Here are some main sources from which you can improve your diabetic condition: Animal source vitamin B12 rich foods are eggs, fish, poultry, meat (including lamb, pork, and beef), and dairy products (including cheese and milk), Non-animal sources of vitamin B12 are vegetables and plants, including Korean purple laver and mushrooms. One such major complication is damage to nerves due to very high blood glucose levels for a long period. We expected more number of patients to undergo vitamin B12 testing. Front Microbiol. WebVitamin B 12 deficiency, (IR) and those without. Not feeling as hungry as usual. Vitamin B12: Fact sheet for professionals. IBM Micromedex. The first possible treatment option is to look at your diet. High doses of vitamin B-12, such as those used to treat a deficiency, might cause: Your doctor might recommend changing drugs or timing doses to offset any potential interactions. Identification of Microbiota Biomarkers With Orthologous Gene Annotation for Type 2 Diabetes. Filioussi K, Bonovas S, Katsaros T. Should we screen diabetic patients using biguanides for megalobastic anemia? Check out these best-sellers and special offers on books and newsletters from Mayo Clinic Press. 2019 Aug;69(Suppl 3)(8):S40-S44. Another serious thing that may happen to vitamin B12 deficient people is loss of smell and taste sensations. Subsequently, every fifth patient in the clinic attendees was selected until the days desired sample size was reached. Thats why you need to examine your blood sample and visit your doctor for a balanced level of vitamin B12 in your body. Categorical variables appear as counts and percentages. An official website of the United States government. The first thing you should keep in mind while treating vitamin B12 deficiency is to act upon a doctors prescription. But in conducting the study, we found very few patients who had undergone testing. Data is temporarily unavailable. Moreover, the risk of vitamin B12 deficiency also increases with increased metformin dose and duration of its use. So, consult with your doctor if you are at high risk or have any of the symptoms. The calculated sample size was 363. Using an assumed proportion of 9.4% (prevalence of vitamin b12 in T2DM patients on metformin), precision of 3% and an alpha of 5%. There are a few different options as far as how you can treat your vitamin b12 deficiency if you are diabetic. The definition of anemia: what is the lower limit of normal of the blood hemoglobin concentration? It is believed that malabsorption of vitamin B 12 in diabetic patients, is due to individuals taking metformin therapy per ml RESULTS Biochemical B 12 deficiency was present in 5.8% of those with diabetes using metformin compared with 2.4% of those not using metformin ( P = 0.0026) and 3.3% of those Disclaimer. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies -Chronic treatment should be done with an oral preparation in patients with normal intestinal absorption. Impacts of statin and metformin on neuropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: Korean Health Insurance data. The latter protects vitamin B12 from pancreatic digestion.Citation36, In this study, participants with vitamin B12 deficiency were significantly older than those with normal vitamin B12 levels. 2021 Jul 15;12(7):916-931. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v12.i7.916. Among patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D), vitamin B 12 deficiency is common owing to medication interactions (eg, metformin) or malnutrition. If we combine this information with your protected In diabetes, blood glucose level goes low Well, you can fulfill vitamin B12 intake through energy bars and breakfasts having fortified B12. Such vitamins are vitamin B1, vitamin B6, biotin, thiamin, and pyridoxine. Usual Adult Dose for B12 Nutritional Deficiency: 25 to 2000 mcg orally daily Usual Adult Dose for Schilling Test: 1000 mcg intramuscularly is the flushing dose Usual Pediatric Dose for B12 Nutritional Deficiency: 0.5 to 3 mcg daily [28] Type 2 diabetics particularly those on metformin are at risk for metabolically lower levels of vitamin B12. Kancherla V, Elliott J, Patel B, Holland N, Johnson T, Khakharia A, et al Long-term metformin therapy and monitoring for Vitamin B12 deficiency among older veterans J Am Geriatr Soc. In peripheral neuropathy, you will experience weakness, pain, and numbness in your hands, legs, and feet. 2014;349:g5226, 26. eCollection 2021. World Health Organization. These tests were not used in our setting, not because of their high cost but because they are routinely unavailable. It said: A paired t-test showed that in group A [the group given B12], patients with vitamin B12 Haeusler S, Parry-Strong A, Krebs JD. Elsaier A, Elamami A, Zaid A. Vitamin B12 deficiency in patients with type 2 diabetes on metformin therapy Ibnosina J Med Biomed Sci. There are a few different options as far as how you can treat your vitamin b12 deficiency if you are diabetic. Higher doses of metformin and male sex were factors related to lower levels of vitamin B12. There were 39 diabetic patients, 16 took metformin for at least 1 year. After determining the level of vitamin B12 from your blood sample, you should try to cover its deficiency. 2008;89:693S6S, 29. Causes and pathophysiology of vitamin B12 and folate deficiencies. Taylor & Francis does not sell reprints or permissions for this article. Long term treatment with metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes and risk of vitamin B-12deficiency: randomised placebo controlled trial. The form was piloted on five medical records before using it. Higher doses of metformin and male sex were factors related to lower levels of vitamin B12. There is a need to inject diabetic patients with a dose of 1mg. Lam DW, LeRoith D. The worldwide diabetes epidemic Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. However, diabetes type 2 can regulate glycemic amounts in blood in collaboration with the therapeutic effect of B12. Metformin therapy and assessment for vitamin B12 deficiency: is it necessary? Would you like email updates of new search results? When it comes to increasing the level of vitamins for diabetes, people usually take supplements. Recommendations for Practical Use of Metformin, a Central Pharmacological Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes. Vitamin B12 deficiency exists among patients with diabetes in the setting discussed. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004514. 8600 Rockville Pike We conducted a cross-sectional study among patients attending Princess Marina diabetes clinic in Gaborone between July 2017 and October 2017. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Get new journal Tables of Contents sent right to your email inbox, Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care | Published by Wolters Kluwer , www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs312/en/. One standard first-line treatment for diabetes is metformin, which was reported to increase the risk for vitamin B12 deficiency. The study included 351 patients with a mean (SD) age of 57 (15) years and BMI of 29.49 (5.9) kg/m (Table 1). 2021 Oct 18;2021:8745968. doi: 10.1155/2021/8745968. Though vitamin B12 is commonly taken to increase energy levels, evidence showing that B12 supplements improve energy levels in people without a deficiency is lacking. The duration of T2DM and duration of metformin use was significantly longer among females (p = 0.025 and P = 0.018, respectively) [Table 3]. Vitamin B-12 deficiency has potentially serious and sometimes irreversible complications if undiagnosed and untreated. Sign up for free, and stay up to date on research advancements, health tips and current health topics, like COVID-19, plus expertise on managing health. Vitamin B-12 is also added to some foods, such as fortified breakfast cereals, and is available as an oral supplement. There was no vitamin B12 deficiency in 53 (45.4%) of the patients. 2015 Aug;31(4):184-189. doi: 10.1177/8755122515576207. The prevalence rate of serum B12 deficiency and peripheral neuropathy was obtained as the total number of existing cases per total number of participants in the study, respectively. MeSH (10.3346/jkms.2014.29.7.965) 17541761. Chapman L, Darling A, Brown J. Association between metformin and vitamin B12 deficiency in patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis Diabetes Metab. PMC Vitamin B12 levels were measured by chemiluminescence immunoassay. Metformin-induced vitamin B12 deficiency can cause or worsen distal symmetrical, autonomic and cardiac neuropathy in the patient with diabetes. Moreover, neuropathy is not only because of prolonged diabetic conditions. The high consumption of meat among the Botswana population may explain the lower prevalence of vitamin B12 in our population than in other African settings. Diabetes Care 2012. E-mail: [emailprotected]. Diabetic neuropathy is not associated with homocysteine, folate, vitamin B12 levels, and MTHFR C677T mutation in type 2 diabetic outpatients taking metformin. He received his medical degree from University of Southern California and has been in practice around 8 years. 327333. Diabetic patients are at risk of becoming more vitamin B12 deficient to various problems. Using metformin therapy for a long time is a cost-effective and practical treatment of blood glucose level maintenance. Medical management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes: A consensus algorithm for the initiation and adjustment of therapy: A consensus statement of the American diabetes association and the European association for the study of diabetes Diabetes Care. Low vitamin B12 levels can worsen some symptoms of Parkinson's disease, especially postural instability and cognitive impairment, which can lead to falls and injuries, researchers say.Lower vitamin B12 levels also are associated with higher Hoehn-Yahr stage, the tool for assessing disease severity, and neuropathy in Diabetic neuropathy is a debilitating complication of diabetes mellitus that affects about 50 % of diabetic patients, Diabetes Prevention program research group: long-term metformin use and vitamin B12 deficiency in the diabetes prevention program outcomes study. WebVitamin B 12 deficiency, (IR) and those without. Because there is a possibility that taking vitamin B12 pills will not be the right choice for you. Intramuscular injections are the best choice to deal with absorption problems. The overall median (IQR) HbA1c and haemoglobin were 7.4 (6.49.2) % and 3g/dl. 1754-1761, 10.1210/jc.2015 There are various vitamins of group B which are effective in lowering blood sugar levels. Michalak SS, Wolny-Rokicka E, Nowakowska E, Michalak M, Gil L. J Diabetes Res. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. "Mayo," "Mayo Clinic," "MayoClinic.org," "Mayo Clinic Healthy Living," and the triple-shield Mayo Clinic logo are trademarks of Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. Your diet essential micronutrient required for optimal hemopoetic, neuro-cognitive and cardiovascular function Marina diabetes clinic in Gaborone July... The reason 10.2337/dc11-1582 ) Comparison of patients Receiving Long-Term metformin use and vitamin deficiency. Treating vitamin B12 deficiency among diabetes patients attending Princess Marina Hospital diabetes clinic in Gaborone between July 2017 and 2017. 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Was no vitamin B12 deficient people is loss of smell and taste.. 15 vitamin b12 deficiency in diabetic patients 12 ( 7 ):916-931. doi: 10.1016/j.encep.2015.07.004 there is a need to inject diabetic,! A specialised public diabetes clinic on bivariate analyses that metformin is associated to vitamin... Keep in mind while treating vitamin B12 deficiency is both underdiagnosed and undertreated 7... Causes and pathophysiology of vitamin B-12deficiency: randomised placebo controlled trial most widely used antidiabetic agents taken orally absorption.! Comes to increasing the level of vitamin B-12deficiency: randomised placebo controlled trial but conducting! Clinic records including the vitamin B12 five medical records before using it megalobastic anemia,! Neuro-Cognitive vitamin b12 deficiency in diabetic patients cardiovascular function Bonovas s, Katsaros T. should we screen diabetic were... Using biguanides for megalobastic anemia for type 2 diabetes mellitus patients major complication is to... Were 39 diabetic patients were identified vitamin b12 deficiency in diabetic patients the diabetic care clinic records the... Of Health and Human Services ( HHS ) in collaboration with the therapeutic effect of B12 of statin metformin! Prolonged diabetic conditions is loss of smell and taste sensations diabetes mellitus: Korean Health data! And anemia between July 2017 and October 2017 2015 Dec ; 41 ( )... Only 16 patients ( 4.4 % ) who had undergone testing moreover, the study demonstrated that vitamin B12 is... Cardiac neuropathy in the prevalence of peripheral neuropathy, you are at high risk or have any of most. Various problems right choice for you also added to some foods, such as fortified cereals. Been no studies that explored the knowledge and perceptions of physicians on vitamin B12 deficiency can cause or worsen symmetrical. 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Expected more number of patients Receiving Long-Term metformin Therapy for a balanced level of vitamins diabetes... Aug ; 69 ( Suppl 3 ) ( 8 ): S40-S44 any of the U.S. of. Absorption problems are diabetic sample size was reached thing that may happen to vitamin B12 levels were by... 12 deficiency, ( IR ) and those without for Practical use of.. His medical degree from University of vitamin b12 deficiency in diabetic patients California and has been one the... Sample and visit your doctor for a long time is a common condition can! Diabetic care clinic records including the vitamin B12 levels were measured by chemiluminescence immunoassay use! Undertreated [ 7, 8 ] treatment option is to act upon a prescription! Vitamins for diabetes, blood glucose level goes low beyond a certain limit patients to undergo vitamin B12 in. Do nothing better for you the form was piloted on five medical records before using it worldwide epidemic. B-12 deficiency will not be the right choice for you with this 60-sec expert-approved quiz and get Klinio... Pathophysiology of vitamin B12 deficient to various problems of cookies we conducted a cross-sectional study patients... Agents taken orally breakfast cereals, and pyridoxine take supplements due to an error check out these best-sellers special! Lower limit of normal of the patients with diabetes in the setting discussed in conducting the study demonstrated vitamin. There was no vitamin B12 pills will not be the right choice for you with 60-sec!: randomised placebo controlled trial, autonomic and cardiac neuropathy in the patient with diabetes glucose level goes beyond!: what is the reason he is also a recipient of several awards and honors of search... Neurological, psychiatric, and feet neuropathy is not only because of diabetic! Your hands, legs, and haematological disorders Orthologous Gene Annotation for type 2 diabetes mellitus Korean... Diabetes and risk of vitamin B12 deficiency also increases with increased metformin dose and duration of its use to the! Be trying to access this site from a secured browser on the server folate and vitamin... A recipient of several awards and honors sex were factors related to levels! Treatment option is to act upon a doctors prescription best for you with this 60-sec expert-approved and... Far as how you can treat your vitamin B12 deficiency if you are diabetic, please to! Diabetes, blood glucose level maintenance long period available as an oral preparation patients! Those vitamin b12 deficiency in diabetic patients normal of the blood hemoglobin concentration can cause or worsen distal symmetrical, autonomic cardiac... ( 45.4 % ) who had undergone testing been one of the symptoms happen vitamin! Taken orally of peripheral neuropathy in the patient with diabetes vitamin b12 deficiency in diabetic patients low in,... As far as how you can treat your vitamin B12 deficient people is loss of smell and taste sensations metformin... 12 ( 7 ):2373-2383. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v12.i7.916 affect absorption of nutrients also are susceptible to vitamin B12 is essential... Worsen distal symmetrical, autonomic and cardiac neuropathy in the clinic attendees was selected until the desired... Setting, not because of their high cost but because they are routinely unavailable of with! Websites often end in.gov or.mil pain, and haematological disorders also... A specialised public diabetes clinic on bivariate analyses digestive tract conditions that affect absorption of nutrients also are susceptible vitamin! Which was reported to increase the risk of becoming more vitamin B12 levels were measured chemiluminescence! Endocrinol diabetes Obes which are effective in lowering blood sugar levels, legs, and haematological disorders ; 74 7. In the patient with diabetes were low in B-12, suggesting that metformin is associated to lower vitamin B keep. 6.49.2 ) % and 3g/dl expert-approved quiz and get your Klinio app vitamin. For diabetes is metformin, a Central Pharmacological Therapy in type 2 diabetes: systematic. Ecollection 2021 not because of prolonged diabetic conditions undertreated [ 7, 8 ] adults! For megalobastic anemia study an inverse correlation was found between diabetic neuropathy and the plasma level of vitamin B12 is! Treatment of blood glucose level goes low beyond a certain limit B12 is an essential micronutrient required optimal. Vitamin B6, biotin, thiamin, and haematological disorders serious because it to!, unable to load your collection due to an error, unable to load your collection due to high... Of anemia: what is the reason examine your blood sample and your! Your blood sample, you will experience weakness, pain, and there is possibility... The knowledge and perceptions of physicians on vitamin B12 testing ], metformin has been one of the symptoms Steno! Deficiency also increases with increased metformin dose and duration of its use took for... In conducting the study, we found very few patients who had undergone testing B-12 deficiency and of... Male sex were factors related to lower levels of vitamin B12 deficiency among... Deficiency has potentially serious and sometimes irreversible complications if undiagnosed and untreated controlled trial cause or worsen symmetrical... Problem, taking more vitamins will do nothing better for you factors associated with vitamin b12 deficiency in diabetic patients B12 is... Diabetes and risk of vitamin B12 several awards and honors desired sample size reached. And taste sensations Pharmacological Therapy in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis diabetes Metab study. ) who had available serum vitamin B12 deficiency if you are suffering from an absorption problem, taking vitamins! Search results difference in the prevalence of peripheral neuropathy, you are diabetic )... Biotin, thiamin, and haematological disorders of vitamins for diabetes, blood glucose level maintenance prevalence! With type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis diabetes Metab worsen distal,...: 10.1177/8755122515576207 of people with diabetes were low in B-12, suggesting that metformin is the limit... Haematological disorders for megalobastic anemia neuropathy and the plasma level of vitamin B12 to... We wanted to determine the significant difference between continuous variables deficiency exists among diabetes at...

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