in a material that holds groundwater, porosity
a) deforming objects into new shapes Calculate the following. Porosity is usually stated as a percentage of the material's total volume. a) internal processes within the moon b) steep slops groundwater that is accessible as a water resource transmits water easily - material is porous and permeable Aquitard A material of low porosity and permeability that greatly slows the movement of ground water Aquiclude A body of rock that will not transmit water at all little or no porosity or permeability water table Porosity is the percent of open spaces or voids within a volume of soil or rock. However, in a material like a gravel, sand and clay mixture the porosity is much less as the smaller grains fill the spaces. b) the # of electrons c) Jurrasic d) all of the above, which of the following is true about how contamination moves in groundwater? The speed of flow in rocks is extremely slow in comparison with surface flow, even for rocks with high hydraulic conductivities. This determines how easy it is for water to flow from one pore to the next. c) fluid pressure is greater than the confining pressure b) scoria cone whose magmas are interacting with groundwater b) most erosion along shorelines occurs from offshore currents 2. forms cone of depression b) grey limestone b. HF\mathrm{HF}HF will have a lower vapor pressure at 50C-50^{\circ} \mathrm{C}50C than HBr\mathrm{HBr}HBr. c) convergent and divergent Measurement of Coefficient of Permeability of Soil 6. One type of secondary porosity is fracture porosity, caused by cracks in rocks (Figure 14f). Another type of secondary porosity is solution porosity, which develops where part of a rock has been dissolved, leaving open spaces (Figure 14e). a) spring water Groundwater is the water found underground in the cracks and spaces in soil, sand and rock. Terminologies used in groundwater hydrology Although the earth's materials i . The Loeb-Sourirajan RO membrane was developed for seawater desalination using the Preferential Sorption-Capillary Flow (PS-CF) model, and apertures are essential in order to pass . a) a line that connects the peaks and valleys of an area c) counterclockwise in the northern hemisphere The studied outcrop has a total thickness of about 60 m which was categorized into four microfacies i.e., bioclastic mudstone, bioclastic mud-wackestone, bioclastic . a fossils indicate that a sediment was deposited on land pressure causes water to rise on its own, an imaginary surface that defines the level to which water in a confined aquifer would rise were it completely pierced with wells, pressure surface is below ground level Effective porosity (ne) is defined as the ratio of the volume of interconnected pore spaces (VI) to the total volume (VT) as defined in Equation 6 and illustrated in Figure 7. 3.6 Specific Yield and Specific Retention, 3.7 Interrelationship of Effective Porosity, Specific Yield and Specific Retention, 4.6 Further Investigation of Darcys Law, Head, Gradient and Hydraulic Conductivity, 5.1 Conditions Effecting Hydraulic Conductivity Values, 5.2 Methods to Estimate Hydraulic Conductivity, 5.3 Hydraulic Conductivity Values for Earth Materials, 5.4 Spatial and Directional Variation of Hydraulic Conductivity, 5.5 Hydraulic Conductivity of Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Materials, 5.6 Hydraulic Conductivity in Fractured Rocks, 6.4 Properties of Aquifers and Confining Units, 7.2 Governing Equations for Confined Transient Groundwater Flow, 7.3 Governing Equations for Unconfined Groundwater Flow, 7.4 Steady State Equations Describing Confined and Unconfined Flow, 8.2 Determining Groundwater Flow Directions, 8.3 The Influence of Boundary Conditions, 8.4 Analysis of Groundwater Flow Systems, Box 1 Density of Common Minerals, Rock Types and Soils, Box 3 Foundation for Understanding Hydraulic Head and Force Potentials, Box 4 Methods for Estimating Hydraulic Conductivity, Box 5 Equation Derivation for Equivalent K and a 4-layer Application, Box 6 Adding Recharge to the Unconfined Aquifer System, Box 7 Transformation for 2-D Flow in an Anisotropic Medium, Box 8 Deriving the Tangent Law of Refraction. e) both b an c, what is the main cause of high and low tides? Two important factors help determine how good an aquifer is: Uploaded on Oct 30, 2014 Dorian Phelps + Follow water water table confined aquifers saturated zone lowered water table c) oceanic trenches Test Prep. D. It absorbs most of the water it contains from rivers. So how fast does water flow underground? The best aquifers for tapping groundwater have both . c) a longshore current Lassen, A hot spot is interpreted to have formed from: The outflow maybe into a stream, lake, spring, wetland, etc. Porosity is how much water a substance can hold. less water - lower land saturated zone- pore spaces, empty spaces contain water d) hydrosphere, which of the following is not considered a plate boundary? c) cement (a)-(d) show vertical sections 1 cm across, (e) and (f) are 1 m across. b) turbulence of the water is less important than the temp, which affects viscosity c) convergent For example, a fine soil has smaller but more numerous pores than a coarse soil. a) a great thickness of oceanic sediment trapped within the central rift In a material that holds groundwater, porosity: A. controls the amount of water that can be stored B. determines the composition of the cement between grains and clasts C. does not depend on the size and shape of grains and clasts D. is constant from one type of material to another. Hydraulic conductivity is generally expressed in meters per day. It cannot hold rainwater for long periods of time. c) thrust 3. After dissolution, porosity was greater than before dissolution, increasing by 0.140%, 0.038%, 0.042%, and 0.126%, respectively . Access Package: Exploring Geology with CONNECT Plus 1-semester Access Card 3rd Edition Chapter 17 Problem 33MCQ solution now. b) rapids a) two plates are colliding c) shaking during an earthquake c) wind What Is Porosity And How Is It Related To Permeability? Some part of the precipitation that lands on the ground surface infiltrates into the subsurface. Which material has . The distribution of natural resources is influenced by the: Which layer in the earth is similar in composition to basalt, a dark lava rock? Permeability For groundwater to be able to get into a rock with good porosity it must also have good permeability. e) all types can generate earthquakes, What type of seismic wave can pass through liquid? Study: Third of Big Groundwater Basins in Distress d) the velocity and turbulence of the current d) movement of water is restricted to rainfall and rivers a) controls the amount of water that can be sorted b) traveltine e) reaction with acids from decaying plants, which of the following ism\ not a way to form layers in a sedimentary rock? b) climate and vegetation In a material that holds groundwater porosity a. Types of Wells 7. . We measure porosity by the percentage of empty space that exists within a particular porous media. a) burial and tectonic forces The international standard letter/number mapping for telephones is: Write a function that returns a number, given an uppercase letter, as follows: Write a test program that prompts the user to enter a phone number as a string. b) daily heating and cooling of the seas, which causes seawater to contract and expand Therefore, the higher the original porosity, the more easily the rock was affected by dissolution. e) all of the above can be, which of the following is a common metamorphic process? e) none of the above, b) when strengthening of an ocean current results in warmer sea temp in the eastern pacific, Which of the following is not a reason why rain forests are disappearing? 27 febrero, 2023 . e) none of the above, a) the depth to which wave action extends, which of the following can influence weather a shoreline gains or loses sand with time? c) confined Outflows consist of rivers, lakes, streams, springs and production wells. a) limestone 4. buried gasoline or chemicals. c) topography 7. pore collapse. b) the lava forms a ropy texture d) municipal water, what is permafrost? b) volcanic eruptions a) mostly sand Dividing both sides of Darcy's law (Equation 1) by A gives: where q is the specific discharge, the volume of water flowing through unit cross-sectional area, i.e. b) large cross beds in a well stored sandstone usually indicate deposition by wind c) hardness Eventually it emerges back to the land surface, into rivers, and into the oceans to keep the water cycle going. b) water within the pan flows in a circular path -the amount of rainfall d) a rising plume of hot mantle material, Which of the following features is associated with a subduction zone? c) groundwater b) crystals grown in a laboratory Hydrogeology (hydro-meaning water, and -geology meaning the study of the Earth) is the area of geology that deals with the distribution and movement of groundwater in the soil and rocks of the Earth's crust (commonly in aquifers).The terms groundwater hydrology, geohydrology, and hydrogeology are often used interchangeably.. Hydrogeology is the study of the laws governing the movement of . 35. Material with angular-shaped edges has more open space and can hold more water. d) all of the above, what mineral resource do we use the most of? c) river water a) a hurricane or cyclone is occurring water table is not as great as the overlying land, the water table intersects the ground surface, -Surface topography c) under normal conditions of burial and heating c) native minerals d) transform faulting uplifts the rocks what type of aquifer is an artesian well associated with? Which of the following materials has low porosity and low permeability. However, groundwater, even flowing through rocks with hydraulic conductivities as high as 1 m per day, will only have a speed of around 3 103 m per day under the hydraulic gradient from the Chilterns to London, and will take thousands of years to travel the same distance. a) mid-ocean ridges Figure 14 Porosity in unconsolidated sediments ((a) to (c)): (a) is well sorted, having high porosity; (b) is poorly sorted having low porosity; (c) has angular grains and low porosity; and in consolidated rocks ((d) to (f)): (d) has porosity diminished by cementation; (e) has solution porosity as it has partially dissolved; (f) has fracture porosity. BSc (Honours) Geography and Environmental Science. b) variations in thickness of slope combinations that make for the best groundwater reservoir? the volume of open spaces in rock or soil. d) the abundance of ice in the north and south polar regions, c) the position of the hydrogen atoms on one side of the molecule, Vertical intrusions are refereed to as? Just create an account and sign in. c) floods from catastrophic melting of ice the ability of a material to allow fluids to pass through an interconnected network of pores. c) intermolecular bond what is the likely porosity and permeability of pumice? d) Mt. a) offshore sand bars that have become coastal dunes c) tectonic subsidence during earthquakes can cause flooding and change local climates In groundwater assessments, it is the interconnected pore volume occupied by flowing groundwater that is of most interest. Porosity determines the amount of water that a rock or sediment can contain. This research deals with the detailed physico-mechanical and petrographic investigations of Early Eocene Margalla Hill Limestone at Shah Alla Ditta area Islamabad that aims to explain its microfacies and engineering properties. b) they can be buried and decay, leaving a cavity in the rock The part that continues downward through the soil until it reaches rock material that is saturated is groundwater recharge. . must be below groundwater table 1. stop input and let nature remove it - easy but slow c) unfractured granite e) all of the above, what is the primary reason an increase in glaciers on land would cause sea level to fall? b) 100 meters which of the following is a good interpretation of the environmental significance of an attribute of a sedimentary rock? Free statement of participation on completion of these courses. d) all of these C. It has the capacity to store large amounts of water. b) a transform fault to a spreading center c.Rocks with rounded grains generally have a higher porosity than rocks with angular grains; for instance, example (a) has a higher porosity than example (c). b.Porosity is greater in well-sorted sediments, because the pore spaces are not filled by smaller grains. d) glaciers tie up large volumes of water that would otherwise be in the sea, d) glaciers tie up large volumes of water that would otherwise be in the sea, which of the following is not a way a glaicer moves downhill? c) depends d) 100 feet, wind moves sediment by: a) transform and convergent It originates as rainfall or snow, and then moves through the soil into the groundwater system, where it eventually makes its way back to surface streams, lakes, or oceans. b) the rock cooled quickly b) a change in grain size a) there was a lot of gas in the magma b) compaction Reveal answer Consolidated (compacted and/or cemented) sedimentary rocks, and igneous and metamorphic rocks are usually less porous than unconsolidated sediments ( Table 1 ). b) coarse granite e) both a and b, c) the surface area increase as the rock is fractured, what is the common rock that can be dissolved by water and weak acids? c) the upper parts of the glacier can fracture c) they can be preserved in ancient tree sap b) drilling holes into the seafloor from ships c) when an ocean current reverses direction resulting in cooler sea temp in the eastern pacific a) very coarse granite pegmatite d) shale b) the water table intersect, or is higher than, the surface in many lakes c) volcanic glass Porosity tells the sampler how much fluid the ground can hold, and the permeability describes how easily and quickly fluid travels through it. b) a line that represents continuous points of equal elevation, Which of the following is the Principle of uniformitarianism? Lecture notes Dr. J.K Mwangi ECE 2402; Hydrology I 2 Occurrence of groundwater Figure 1: Classification of sub-surface water Saturated zone: Here water completely fills all the pore spaces between the soil grains forming a huge underground reservoir. Khalil and Monterio Santos (2009) analyzed the groundwater saturation relation with aquifer resistivity and hydraulic conductivity from Kozeny-Carman (KC) and Archie's second law. d) tides increase and decrease the size of waves but leave sea level unchanged OpenLearn works with other organisations by providing free courses and resources that support our mission of opening up educational opportunities to more people in more places. The rate of groundwater flow is determined by a variety of factors, including porosity, permeability, aquifer gradient and outflow of the aquifer system. For example, water falling on the Chilterns to the west of London will flow at a speed of 0.1 to 1 m s1 in a river, taking a few days to reach London. a) sedimentary b) quartz rich sandstone a) when weakening of an ocean current results in cooler sea temp in the eastern pacific e) all the above, which of the following is true about how shorelines are affected from the water side? a) effervescence 3 Groundwater Occurrence in Earth Materials, 4 Darcys Law, Head, Gradient and Hydraulic Conductivity, Representing Hydraulic Head Distributions, Primary and Secondary Hydraulic Conductivity, The Role of a Water Budget in Formulating Models, Application of Flow Equations (Unconfined Aquifer Flow Between Water Bodies), Example Numerical Application of Flow Equations to a Dewatering Problem, Gradient and Flow Directions in Isotropic Material, Flow Directions at Interfaces of Differing Hydraulic Conductivity, Developing Potentiometric Maps and Cross Sections, Memphis Sand Aquifer, Memphis Tennessee, USA, Unconfined Aquifer in East Helena, Montana, USA, Hydrogeologic Properties of Earth Materials and Principles of Groundwater Flow, Next: 3.3 Primary and Secondary Porosity. Sign up for our regular newsletter to get updates about our new free courses, interactives, videos and topical content on OpenLearn. X+YZ\mathrm{X}+\mathrm{Y} \longrightarrow \mathrm{Z} Aquifers Layers which hold usable amounts of water are called aquifers. Internal friction and the various paths water takes are factors affecting hydraulic conductivity. creates limitation on future water supply, reduce use of water by all sectors and encourage recycling of water, the unsaturated zone above the water table, the difference in elevation between the highest and lowest parts of an area 1999-2023. d) the amount of stress is greater in some directions than in others, d) the amount of stress is greater in some directions than in others, what causes the stress that forms joints a) to observe the changes in the fossil record The effective porosity may equal, or be less than, the total porosity (n) of the sample (Table 1 and 2). If a disturbed unconsolidated sample needs to be repacked into a container for porosity testing, it is best if the degree of compaction is noted for the native field conditions (e.g., by using a cone penetrometer or a standard penetration test). Measuring Effective Porosity Effective porosity can be determined at the laboratory scale when sediment and rock samples of a given volume are dried and then the pore spaces are filled with water (Figure 8). c)there are much fewer intervals of reversed polarity than normal polarity Groundwater flows at right angles to the equipotential lines in the same way that water flowing down a slope would flow at right angles to the contour lines. a) alluvial fan Personalise your OpenLearn profile, save your favourite content and get recognition for your learning, Download this course for use offline or for other devices. In most cases, total porosity values reported for uncemented granular material and rocks with well-connected pores (e.g., sandstones) and fractures can be used to represent effective porosity. c) a change in color Most of the water on Earth is found- in oceans Porosity- how much water soil can HOLD High porosity- materials that are well-sorted and round Low Porosity- Materials that are mixed and regular Permeability- how easily water can flow or pass through rock or soil Lowest permeability rock- Shale, silt, clay Aquifer- rock that contains groundwater . In-situ- add chemicals to clean it up or microorganisms, area filled with air and water above the water table, water table mimics land surface but does not have same, relief The main layers of the Earth in correct order, from the surface moving down is: Geology can help us learn about Earth's past by studying. a) well sorted fine grained sediment e) all of these, In identifying different minerals what don't geologists use? c) medium grained granite effects of excess pumping of fresh water wells in coastal area, well could start yielding useless salt water, lowering of the water table around a pumping well a) an oil seep c) a change in the supply of sediment b) a gradual decrease in the strength of the current over time From the choices given below and the actual meaning of the term, porosity can be referred to or considered as the ease with which water is able to flow from one pore to another in rock.Therefore, the option D holds true.. What is the significance of porosity? c) P waves d.Estimate the porosity of the sediments in Figures 14a to d, selecting a value from the following ranges for each: less than 10%; 10-20%; 20-30%; 30-40%. a) water pressure e) none of these, d) are composed of lava flows, pyroclastic material, and mudflows, The most dangerous type of volcano is a: cause groundwater to flow in curved upward path to streams and lakes, a well that brings pressurized water to the surface without pumping b) playa e) a and b only, The Earth's magnetic field is generated by: can hold water. Porosity depends on both soil texture and structure. Effective porosity can be determined at the laboratory scale when sediment and rock samples of a given volume are dried and then the pore spaces are filled with water (Figure 8). c) Mt. d) marine terraces a) rain drops from via the process of evaporation d) the presence of offshore islands and and bars a) a spreading center to a transform fault d) they can be too small to see but can build diagnostic features in the rocks 2. subsidence and compaction of the aquifer Groundwater is water stored inside the Earth's soil and rock layers. lowers the water table, 1. cone of depression b) Gaines In a material that holds groundwater, porosity. Which of the following is NOT true about the unsaturated zone? d) meanders, which of the following settings contains the least amount of water? If groundwater flows naturally out of rock materials or if it can be removed by pumping (in useful amounts), the rock materials are called aquifers. a) well sorted sandstone Figure 14 illustrates how porosity varies with the degree of sorting and with the grain shape in unconsolidated sediments (sediments that have not been compacted or cemented). The total volume of sample is determined by the initial increase volume read from the beaker markings immediately upon placing the sample in the water, Once the sample is fully saturated, the reduction in the volume of water is used to infer the volume of void space. There are many ways to test porosity in a . which of the following best following best explains what a contour line is? c) a 4 billion year age on a rock in Canada What is a main way surface waters become groundwater? D. it absorbs most of various paths water takes are factors affecting hydraulic conductivity is generally expressed in meters day... 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