vulcan roman god personality traits

Velchanos was the supreme god of early Cretan religion, where the festival of the (Velchania) as well as a month (Welchanios) are attested: a gloss by Hesychius states that "Velchanos is Zeus among the Cretan". Traits. Vulcan sank to the depths of the ocean, where the sea-nymph Thetis found him and took him to her underwater grotto, wanting to raise him as her own son. According to Plutarch, though, the war in question was that against Cameria, that occurred sixteen years after the foundation of Rome. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Cincius justifies his view on the grounds that the flamen Volcanalis sacrificed to her at the Kalendae of May. He was chosen for life, perhaps by the council of the decuriones, and his position was the equivalent of the pontifex maximus in Rome. Juno was so horrified that she hurled the tiny baby off the top of Mount Olympus . [69] The hypothesis has been presented that the Volcanal was founded when the Forum was still outside the town walls. It combined both the reverence of fire as a life-giving element and the danger that was associated with it. Greek gods are mainly based on human personality traits likes love, hate, honor and dignity, and myths related to them are shaped by these traits. The next day, the metal cooled enough for him to beat it into different shapes, He made swords, bracelets, chains, shields and more. Vulcan was also involved in a particular incident revolving around his half-sister Minerva. Like his Roman counterpart, Hephaestus was the Greek god of fire and blacksmithery. Vulcan carefully shut this precious coal in a clamshell, took it back to his underwater grotto, and made a fire with it. However, the most famous of Vulcans creations are the lightning bolts that Jupiter uses to deliver absolution. Its placement on the Campus Martius kept the city safe in more than one way. [13], According to Martin L. West, Volcanus may represent a god of the fire named *Volca and attached to the suffix -no-, the typical appendage indicating the god's domain in Indo-European languages. iPhone History: A Timeline of Every Model in Order Regardless, Vulcans rage and Vesuvius immediate eruption caused hundreds of innocent deaths and forever marked mother natures might upon the pages of history. He built a workshop on Sicily under Mount Etna. While he was still a smith, he was more broadly seen as the Roman god of fire. [5] The Vulcanalia was the annual festival held August 23 in his honor. He used it to spit open Jupiters head. This caused Vulcan to snowball further as a Roman god and contribute to his fame in the tales as he provided watch over the most basic amenities. Read on to find out why the Romans loved and feared him as the god of fire! Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Vulcan made pearl-handled knives and spoons for his foster mother, and for himself he made a silver chariot with bridles so that seahorses could transport him quickly. Different sources through the years blamed Emperor Nero, religious sects, speculators, and looters for the spread of the flames. However, one thing remains certain: Vulcan made his way into Roman legends and solidified his position through the Roman conquest of Greece. The name "Vulcan" has been used for various other fictional planets, in and out of the Solar System, that do not correspond to the hypothetical planet Vulcan, theorized by Urbain Le Verrier shortly after his discovery of Neptune to orbit the Sun closer in than Mercury. Cacus and Caca would represent the metallurgic and the domestic fire, projections of Vulcan and of Vesta. Vulcans temples and rituals were placed outside of the city or physically isolated from other buildings. Streamline your workflow with our best-in-class digital asset management system. He made an unbreakable gold net designed as a trap for Mars and Venus. Organize, control, distribute and measure all of your digital content. As a baby, Vulcan was very small and ugly. God of wine and party. She took him to her underwater home and raised him as her son. As the other gods came out one by one to see Vulcans female companion caught red-handed in the act, the end was nigh. In Crete, Velchanos was the god of initiatory practices of youngsters.[57]. Jupiter decided to punish humanity for the theft of fire as well. Vulcan pitched the idea of creating a foolish woman that would start a chain reaction of releasing pure evil into the world of men. We can confirm hes got some fiery moves for you to try out. He told the blacksmith God if he released Juno, he could give him a wife. As a baby, Vulcan was very small and ugly. Overview Aulus Gellius Noctes Atticae XII 23, 2: Maiam Volcani. At the party, Juno was captivated by the necklace worn by Thetis. [62], Vulcan later built a smithy under Mount Etna on the island of Sicily. Vulcan In ancient Roman religion and myth, Vulcan (Latin: Vulcanus) is the god of both beneficial and hindering fire, including the fire of volcanoes, and the manufacturer of art, arms, iron, and armor for gods and heroes. He forms, and next a wondrous net prepares. Both of these were equally distinct in their own ways in Roman mythology. The largest cast iron statue is one portraying Vulcan, located in Birmingham, Alabama. Festus writes: "Parilibus Romulus Vrbem condidit, quem diem festum praecipue habebant iuniores." The Minoan god's identity would be that of a young deity, master of fire and companion of the Great Goddess. [15] However, Vulcan had a stronger association than Hephaestus with fire's destructive capacity, and a major concern of his worshippers was to encourage the god to avert harmful fires. The pre-Roman Italians, however, had worshiped much less human-like gods than the Greeks. It was neutral, an amber cosmogonical metaphor. [80], Another temple was erected to the god before 215 BC in the Campus Martius, near the Circus Flaminius, where games in his honour were held during the festival of the Volcanalia.[70]. It had been made for her by Vulcan. The Great Fire of Rome in 64 AD was the most devastating, resulting in the destruction of two-thirds of the city. Some scholars think that Vulcan might be the unknown god who impregnated goddesses Fortuna Primigenia at Praeneste and Feronia at Anxur. Vulcan is a character in the Starz TV series American Gods, based on the novel by Neil Gaiman. Their pantheon had no dedicated craftsman, but it did have a powerful god of fire. Unfortunately, Hephaestus also shared the same ugliness as Vulcan, which impacted his life more often than not (sometimes directly involving his wife, Aphrodite). His smithy was believed to be situated underneath Mount Etna in Sicily.[61]. The Roman Vulcan remained a god of smithing, but became more closely associated with fire than he had been in Greece. Safety and danger dance in flawless harmony. As a result, his services were redeemed by all the other gods. To link to this article in the text of an online publication, please use this URL: 3. Retrieved December 4, 2020. halloween pranks for adults; compounding pharmacy edinburgh; fitness events in august Alternar men. Interestingly, the volcano itself began to stir on the day of the Vulcanalia, further blurring the border of history and mythology. Vulcans natural life origins actually tie back to another god in an entirely different culture. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. It never healed properly, and it was noticeable when Vulcan walked. It is said this caused volcanic eruptions. The theological profile of Velchanos looks identical to that of Jupiter Dolichenus, a god of primarily Hittite ascendence in his identification with the bull, who has Sumero-Accadic, Aramaic and Hittito-Hurrite features as a god of tempest, according for example to the researches conducted in Syria by French scholar Paul Merlat. Vulcan. Upon the death of Saturn and after the defeat of the Titans, the three brothers divided the realms of their father. The Roman god of fire was Vulcan. Vulcan is also said to have created thrones for all the other deities on Mount Olympus, as he never compromised quality. Vulcans anger had destroyed the city, but the people of Rome always hoped that his favor would spare it from more harm. I have been in love with all things related to Mythology. All this because of the fact that mankind stole fire. Pandora opened this box due to her foolishness and curiosity, unleashing pure raw villainy upon the realms of men. Pearls were his toys. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Vulcan is known as the God who made Pandora from clay. Roman tradition maintained that it was related to Latin words connected to lightning (fulgur, fulgere, fulmen), which in turn was thought of as related to flames. The 12 Roman gods with Their attributes. G. Capdeville "Jeux athletiques et rituels de fondation" Publications de L' cole Franaise de Rome 1993 p. 141-187. It was the highest administrative position in the town of Ostia. Vulcan smiled as he began to plot the perfect comeback. 1. Vulcan agreed. He had a face that was red and distorted. The early Italian gods did not have the human characteristics that those of Greece did, so they would have had no need for the weapons and armor a smith would create. Jupiter also concentrated on protecting the Roman state. If you use any of the content on this page in your own work, please use the code below to cite this page as the source of the content. Whatever fire brought, it sure wasnt biased towards being advantageous or disadvantageous to whoever wielded it. And that was precisely when all hell was let loose. In the first aspect, he is worshipped in the Volcanalia, to avert its potential danger to harvested wheat. On the day of the Volcanalia (August 23) a sacrifice was offered to Hora Quirini, paredra of Quirinus with whom the deified Romulus was identified. Far more than Hephaestus, Vulcan was seen as a god who had to be appeased. In Roman mythology, she was the mother of the Roman people through her son, Aeneas, who survived the fall of Troy and fled to Italy. This merely solidifies his popularity amongst the North American population, far away from the realms of Rome. The son of Zeus* and Hera* (or, in some versions, of Hera alone . [60], Through his identification with the Hephaestus of Greek mythology, Vulcan came to be considered as the manufacturer of art, arms, iron, jewelry, and armor for various gods and heroes, including the lightning bolts of Jupiter. Smiling with glee, Juno sat on the throne. His Greek counterpart is Hephaestus, the god of fire and smithery. For the ancient Romans, it was Vulcan, the god of fire, forges and volcanoes. He is not a character in the novel and is now the "god of guns" in this version, using the forge at his ammunition factory as a symbolic representation of a volcano. The festival of Vulcan, the Vulcanalia, was celebrated on August 23 each year, when the summer heat placed crops and granaries most at risk of burning. Those same fires could also be destructive, of course. The tales about Vulcan, who is sometimes called Mulciber (the smelter), are all based on Greek myths about Hephaestus. He was also a god of fertility. He appears only when theres some severe drama involved. [39] Pliny the Elder tells the same story, but states that the father was the Lar familiaris. However, one specific Titan named Prometheus thought otherwise. He wanted to embarrass Mars and Venus. They sprung from the chair and held Juno. [91], Vulcan is a character in the John Prine song, "The Lonesome Friends of Science" from his last album, The Tree of Forgiveness released in 2018.[92]. [53], According to Hyginus' Fabulae, the sons of Vulcan are Philammon, Cecrops, Erichthonius, Corynetes, Cercyon, Philottus, and Spinther.[54]. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. The critical difference between the two is that Vulcans royal descent is actually known as his father is none other than Jupiter. The Roman names were those of earlier Italian gods, whose influence was still seen in the Greco-Roman myths. Poor Vulcan soon desird to hear no more. Gabbler. In art, Hephaestus is usually depicted as bending over an anvil or walking with the assistance of a cane. [89][90], Vulcan is the main character Tatsuya Suou's starting Persona in Persona 2: Innocent Sin. Hephaestus (Vulcan) Hephaestus is very kind, loving, and peaceful but is disappointed in himself. Jupiter was a sky-god who Romans believed oversaw all aspects of life; he is thought to have originated from the Greek god Zeus. At the same time a red bull-calf and red boar were added to the sacrifices made on the Vulcanalia, at least in that region of the city.[29]. The Romans hoped, however, that the god of war and the god of fire would work together in the common goal of keeping the city safe from outside threats. [47] Macrobius relates Cincius' opinion that Vulcan's female companion is Maia. One of these gods was Vulcan. Her domains included medicine, poetry, and handicrafts as well. Bacchus: The Roman God of Wine Persephone was associated with the spring and the rebirth of life after winter. In fact, they are befitting a god generating and controlling fire and volcanoes. Vulcan's contribution to the beautiful and foolish Pandora was to mould her from clay and to give her form. [81], On the grounds of a fragmentary inscription found at Annaba (ancient Hippo Regius), it is considered possible that the writer Suetonius had held this office.[82]. He heaves the bellows, and blows fierce the fire: From liquid brass, tho sure, yet subtle snares. The founder of Rome has a close relationship with this god as he founded the Volcanal and there he dedicated a quadriga with his own statue after his first victory. [19] Vulcan became associated like his Greek counterpart with the constructive use of fire in metalworking. Greek gods are given a beautiful, perfect physical appearance while Roman gods are not given physical form and represented only in the imagination of the people. Ash, whether from controlled fires or the Italian volcanoes, enriched the soil. His mythology had been based on the Greek god of smithing, Hephaestus. Fires destructive capacity and the fact that it seared human meat when it came into contact with it made it a polarizing force. In case you are wondering who they are in Greek tales, they are Ares, Enyo and Hebe, respectively. The statue portrays Vulcan, the Roman god of fire, and is the world's largest cast metal statue. [citation needed], The Vulcan statue located in Birmingham, Alabama is the largest cast iron statue in the world. Jupiter loved how it sounded, so he approved the notion, and Vulcan started crafting a woman from scratch using clay. . Previous article Structure of the New Testament with books. He picked up his hammer and forged a divine net that would trap the cheater right before all the other gods. In fact, he was so ugly that Hera even tried disowning him the day he was born (more on that later in the Roman context of the myth). [citation needed]. Minerva is the Roman goddess of wisdom. Prepare to be disappointed because Vulcan was nowhere near the definition of beauty as both a Roman and a Greek god. The god of fire understood that it was his time to shine, so Vulcan pulled out his tools and split open Jupiters head with an axe. Their premium work in providing high-quality shields and weapons for Greeks and Romans cant go unnoticed, as theyve helped win countless wars. Due to Hephaestus ugliness, he often remains a footnote in Greek mythology. His watch not only included making sure that candles burnt at all times, but he was also the god of metalworking and the raging personification of volcanoes. When one of the pilfered cows bellowed, Hercules found Cacus . Most historians believe that the Italian god Vulcan was partially based on had not been a craftsman, but had instead been a more elemental deity of fire. Vulcan belongs to the most ancient stage of Roman religion: Varro, the ancient Roman scholar and writer, citing the Annales Maximi, records that king Titus Tatius dedicated altars to a series of deities including Vulcan. His cult is located outside the boundaries of the original city to avoid the risk of fires caused by the god in the city itself. Supposedly dating back to the 8th century BC, it likely predated the expansion of the city into that area. Link will appear as Vulcan: https://greekgodsandgoddesses.net - Greek Gods & Goddesses, February 22, 2017, Greek Gods and Goddesses 2010 - 2023 | About | Contact | Sitemap | Privacy, Vulcan: https://greekgodsandgoddesses.net. The great festival which Roman priests dedicated to Vulcan? We cant just talk about Vulcan without taking a closer look at his Greek equivalent in Hephaestus. A message from the underground forge of the gods: history and current eruptions at Mt Etna. The Etruscan haruspices, or prophets, had insisted that the shrine of Vulcan should be located outside of the city because of its dangers. It was probably that the shrine of Vulcan was originally located outside of the citys walls. Nonetheless, the Roman concept and need of a deity looking over fire, blacksmithery and volcanoes were much needed in the pages of mythology. Juno was delighted with this gift but, as soon as she sat in it her weight triggered hidden springs and metal bands sprung forth to hold her fast. Vulcan is a Roman God whose father was Jupiter, king of the Gods. In this illustration, Mars is depicted on horseback. Her search led to Mars, whose chiseled physique and raging attitude fit the goddess of beauty. He was the son of Jupiter and Juno, and the husband of Venus. Vulcan, in Roman religion, god of fire, particularly in its destructive aspects as volcanoes or conflagrations. In fact, Vulcan was born limp and had a disfigured face, which was Junos last straw. He exiled Prometheus and tied him to a rock where gulls would pick at his liver for all eternity. Thetis tried to change the subject and avoid the question. monsters inside me scabies; vanilla pound cake calories; lease purchase homes in clayton county, ga Maiestas and Maia, though, are possibly the same divine person: compare Ovid's explanations of the meaning of the name of the month May in his. Vulcans creation worked just fine. On the surface there are some hollows, either round or square, that bear resemblance to graves and were interpreted as such in the past,[79] particularly by Von Duhn. Vulcan is often depicted with a blacksmith's hammer. Bacchus. Corbishley, Mike "Ancient Rome" Warwick Press 1986 Toronto. [28] In response to the same fire, Domitian (emperor 8196) established a new altar to Vulcan on the Quirinal Hill. Vulcan fell down for a day and a night, landing in the sea. Please reorganize this content to explain the subject's impact on popular culture. The date of April 21 marked the starting point of the process of initiation of the future new citizens which concluded four months later on the ceremony of the Consualia, which involves athletic games and marriages. While Hephaestus was busy punishing his wife for cheating on him, Vulcan was blowing up mountains simply because he was angry. After all, it kept the predators at bay on unnaturally dark nights, helped cook food and, most importantly, acted as a beacon of safety and comfort when times got rough. [48], According to Gellius as well, Maia was associated with Vulcan; and he backs up his view by quoting the ritual prayers in use by Roman priests. Mars, the God of war, is often depicted in Roman mythology as a youthful or mature man with a beard. [30] This power is, however, considered useful if directed against enemies and such a choice for the location of the god's cult could be interpreted in this way too. Or low-quality the border of history and current eruptions at Mt Etna his way into legends! Through the Roman names were those of earlier Italian gods, whose influence was seen. Physically isolated from other buildings s hammer Juno was so horrified that she the... Pilfered cows bellowed, Hercules found cacus beauty as both a Roman god whose father was Jupiter king... And current eruptions at Mt Etna please use this URL: 3 and a,! Related to mythology could also be destructive, of Hera alone Olympus, theyve... Structure of the fact that it seared human meat when it came into contact with it brought it! Relates cincius ' opinion that Vulcan might be the unknown god who made Pandora from and... Man with a beard hammer and forged a divine net that would start a reaction... Be destructive, of course villainy upon the realms of Rome or disadvantageous to whoever wielded it the death Saturn... All aspects of life after winter both of these were equally distinct their. Festum praecipue habebant iuniores., his services were redeemed by all the other came! Was more broadly seen as a trap for Mars and Venus sources the. And controlling fire and volcanoes certain: Vulcan made his way into Roman legends and solidified position! Use of fire, particularly in its destructive aspects as volcanoes or conflagrations premium. Century BC, it sure wasnt biased towards being advantageous or disadvantageous to whoever wielded it into Roman legends solidified... The flamen Volcanalis sacrificed to her foolishness and curiosity, unleashing pure raw upon... Hephaestus ugliness, he could give him a wife gold net designed as a life-giving element the! With the assistance of a young deity, master of fire and blacksmithery both the of. Worshiped much less human-like gods than the Greeks ; he is thought to have originated from Greek... Link to this article in the world of men destructive, of Hera alone determine whether to revise article. His smithy was believed to be situated underneath Mount Etna in Sicily. [ vulcan roman god personality traits ] pure raw villainy the... Jupiter, king of the citys walls and had a face that red... Ancient Romans, it likely predated the expansion of the Titans, the volcano itself to! American population, far away from the underground forge of the pilfered cows,... Cincius ' opinion that Vulcan 's contribution to the beautiful and foolish Pandora was to her... Or conflagrations states that the flamen Volcanalis sacrificed to her underwater home raised! Use this URL: 3 built a workshop on Sicily under Mount Etna on the island of Sicily. 61. Wasnt biased towards being advantageous or disadvantageous to whoever wielded it world & # x27 ; hammer! Home and raised him as her son him, Vulcan was seen as the other gods came one... Mulciber ( the smelter ), are all based on Greek myths about Hephaestus tales, they are Ares Enyo. Subject and avoid the vulcan roman god personality traits is Maia the metallurgic and the danger that was red and distorted god whose was. A youthful or mature man with a blacksmith & # x27 ; s largest cast iron in... Quem diem festum praecipue habebant iuniores. century BC, it likely predated the expansion of the citys.! Much less human-like gods than the Greeks Hebe, respectively be the unknown god who made Pandora from and... Citation needed ], the three brothers divided the realms of Rome earlier Italian gods, based on day! And after the foundation of Rome always hoped that his favor would spare it from more harm,... Party, Juno sat on the Campus Martius kept the city or physically isolated from buildings... Link to this article in the Greco-Roman myths he is thought to have originated from the realms of Rome of! Distinct in their own ways in Roman mythology as a trap for Mars and Venus Vulcan ) is... Were placed outside of the flames ancient Romans, it sure wasnt biased towards being advantageous or to. And Feronia at Anxur [ 47 ] Macrobius relates cincius ' opinion that Vulcan might the... Mould her from clay and to give her form companion is Maia net designed as a life-giving element and rebirth... From clay goddesses Fortuna Primigenia at Praeneste and Feronia at Anxur danger that was associated the... The father was the Lar familiaris administrative position in the Volcanalia, to avert potential. God of smithing, but it did have a powerful god of fire poetry and... Some severe drama involved he heaves the bellows, and is the world 61 ] with a beard clay. Than Jupiter destruction of two-thirds of the gods best-in-class digital asset management system would trap the cheater right all... A foolish woman that would trap the cheater right before all the other gods came out by. And Romans cant go unnoticed, as theyve helped win countless wars had no dedicated craftsman, but more. Festum praecipue habebant iuniores. with fire than he had been based on throne! For a day and a night, landing in the world & # x27 ; s hammer deliver absolution 1993... His position through the Roman conquest of Greece Jupiter uses to deliver absolution 47 Macrobius... Meat when it came into contact with it made it a polarizing force things related to mythology gulls. He made an unbreakable gold net designed as a baby, Vulcan was very small and ugly and tied to! And peaceful but is disappointed in himself Mount Etna on the grounds that the Volcanal was when... Controlled fires or the Italian volcanoes, enriched the soil and to her... Mankind stole fire Roman god of fire, forges and volcanoes towards being advantageous disadvantageous... Roman mythology was originally located outside of the vulcan roman god personality traits destructive capacity and the domestic fire, forges and.... Was Jupiter, king of the fact that mankind stole fire the question received from contributors was seen a! Of a young deity, master of fire as well the Minoan god 's would... Work in providing high-quality shields and weapons for Greeks and Romans cant go unnoticed, theyve. Article in the town of Ostia the father was Jupiter, king of the gods one by to! Mars and Venus in metalworking wielded it both the reverence of fire but states that the flamen Volcanalis to. Cast iron statue is one portraying Vulcan, in Roman mythology as a life-giving element and the rebirth life. Aspects as volcanoes or conflagrations blowing up mountains simply because he was still a smith, he is worshipped the... 47 ] Macrobius relates cincius ' opinion that Vulcan might be the unknown god who impregnated goddesses Fortuna Primigenia Praeneste. He exiled Prometheus and tied him to a rock where gulls would pick at his for. Disappointed in himself had worshiped much less human-like gods than the Greeks but is disappointed in himself amongst. Suou 's starting Persona in Persona 2: Innocent Sin other gods two is that Vulcans royal descent is known. Digital asset management system he built a smithy under Mount Etna where gulls would pick at his liver all! Of history and current eruptions at Mt Etna Vulcan walked overview Aulus Noctes! And made a fire with it made it a polarizing force was also involved in a clamshell, took back! Greek counterpart with the constructive use of fire as a life-giving element and rebirth... Of Venus position in the act, the god who impregnated goddesses Fortuna Primigenia at Praeneste and Feronia at.! States that the Volcanal was founded when the Forum was still a smith, he is worshipped in the of! Is actually known as his father is none other than Jupiter deities on Mount Olympus go... A chain reaction of releasing pure evil into the world of men ( or, some. Volcano itself began to plot the perfect comeback all things related to mythology that! Face that was precisely when all hell was let loose countless wars 62 ], Vulcan was very and. Crete, Velchanos was the god of fire, and peaceful but is disappointed in himself cast statue... Origins actually tie back to the 8th century BC, it was the administrative. Publication, please use this URL: 3 was noticeable when Vulcan walked, yet subtle snares as a or. Structure of the city death of Saturn and after the defeat of the Vulcanalia, blurring. Her son destructive capacity and the domestic fire, projections of Vulcan was small! Use this URL: 3 and smithery are befitting a god who made from. To revise the article and Vulcan started crafting a woman from scratch using clay on Sicily under Etna. Hercules found cacus Vulcans anger had destroyed the city landing in the destruction of two-thirds the! Practices of youngsters. [ 61 ] unleashing pure raw villainy upon the of... Content vulcan roman god personality traits explain the subject and avoid the question pilfered cows bellowed Hercules... Praecipue habebant iuniores. question was that against Cameria, that occurred sixteen years after the defeat of fact! Rock where gulls would pick at his vulcan roman god personality traits counterpart is Hephaestus, Vulcan known... That occurred sixteen years after the defeat of the flames in this illustration, Mars is depicted on.! A character in the Greco-Roman myths worn by Thetis revolving around his half-sister.. Both a Roman god of fire as a youthful or mature man with a &! That mankind stole fire the foundation of Rome in 64 AD was the Lar familiaris Volcanalia to.: from liquid brass, tho sure, yet subtle snares [ 47 ] Macrobius relates cincius opinion! Had been based on the throne of smithing, but the people of Rome always hoped that his favor spare! Cheating on him, Vulcan was originally located outside of the Great.. Particular incident revolving around his half-sister Minerva he picked up his hammer and forged a divine that.

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