night of broken glass quizlet

Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. [62], In 1938, just after Kristallnacht, the psychologist Michael Mller-Claudius interviewed 41 randomly selected Nazi Party members on their attitudes towards racial persecution. If you find an error, please let us know. tags: holocaust , night-of-the-broken-glass , pogroms. Read, Anthony. Brick-throwing mobs. Define genocide. A British newspaper told its readers that hundreds "are reported to be lying about, penniless and deserted, in little villages along the frontier near where they had been driven out by the Gestapo and left. Indeed, the effects of Kristallnacht would serve as a spur to the emigration of Jews from Germany in the months to come. Kristallnacht, or the Night of Broken Glass, was a prolonged series of violent attacks on Jewish people, homes, businesses and synagogues in 1938 Germany. The War Economy. [12] Herschel received a postcard from his family from the Polish border, describing the family's expulsion: "No one told us what was up, but we realized this was going to be the end We haven't a penny. Within two years, some German businesses were publicly announcing that they no longer serviced Jews. Already living illegally in Paris himself, a desperate Grynszpan apparently sought revenge for his family's precarious circumstances by appearing at the German embassy and shooting the diplomatic official assigned to assist him. November 9th 1938. . Kristallnacht, literally, "Night of Crystal," is often referred to as the "Night of Broken Glass."The name refers to the wave of violent anti-Jewish pogroms which took place on November 9 and 10, 1938. This wave of violence took place throughout Germany, annexed Austria, and in areas of the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia recently occupied by German troops. Kristallnacht sparked international outrage. 54 terms. German censors sought to block images of Kristallnacht from reaching newspapers in the United States. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. [14][15] From its inception, Hitler's regime moved quickly to introduce anti-Jewish policies. Six million Reichsmarks of insurance payments for property damage due to the Jewish community were instead paid to the Reich government as "damages to the German Nation". . A Nationwide Pogrom. Furthermore, it became illegal for Aryans and Jews to marry or have extramarital intercourse. The name refers ironically to the litter of broken glass left in the streets after the violence. [72] A Protestant parson spoke out in 1943 and was sent to Dachau concentration camp where he died after a few days. On 6 December 1938, William Cooper, an Aboriginal Australian, led a delegation of the Australian Aboriginal League on a march through Melbourne to the German Consulate to deliver a petition which condemned the "cruel persecution of the Jewish people by the Nazi government of Germany". I must protest so that the whole world hears my protest, and that I will do." At a conference on the day after the pogrom, Hermann Gring said: "The Jewish problem will reach its solution if, in anytime soon, we will be drawn into war beyond our borderthen it is obvious that we will have to manage a final account with the Jews. On the night of Nov. 9, 1938, a pogrom against Jewish people began in Germany, in which their homes, businesses and synagogues were vandalized and destroyed, while 92 Jews were killed and 30,000 sent to concentration camps. The German authorities looked on without intervening. Heydrich and Himmler were interested in fostering Jewish emigration. [6], The rioters destroyed 267 synagogues throughout Germany, Austria, and the Sudetenland. Night of Broken Glass Remembrance Day Observances Showing: While we diligently research and update our holiday dates, some of the information in the table above may be preliminary. (The title is a reference to Arnold Schoenberg's 1899 work "Verklrte Nacht" that presaged his pioneering work on atonal music; Schoenberg was an Austrian Jew who would move to the United States to escape the Nazis). What immediate effect did Three Mile Island have on energy policy? The events of Kristallnacht represented one of the most important turning points in National Socialist antisemitic policy. antique, Identify the word that is not related in meaning to the other words in the set. In it, Schwarzenegger said the rampage was America's "Night of Broken Glass" - referring to the Kristallnacht of 1938 when shards of broken glass littered the streets of Nazi Germany after the . E ighty years ago, on the night of Nov. 9-10, 1938 known as Kristallnacht, the night of broken glass synagogues were set on fire, store windows were smashed and Jewish homes broken into in . It was premiered at the 1988 Berlin Jazz Festival and received rave reviews. The German people, he urged, ought to heed these words "of the greatest anti-Semite of his time, the warner of his people against the Jews. [76], After the Kristallnacht, Salvador Allende, Gabriel Gonzlez Videla, Marmaduke Grove, Florencio Durn and other members of the Congress of Chile sent a telegram to Adolf Hitler denouncing the persecution of Jews. After Kristallnacht, the streets and sidewalks of Jewish communities were littered with broken glass from vandalized buildings, giving rise to the names Crystal Night or Night of Broken Glass. The Nazis held the German-Jewish community responsible for the damage and imposed a collective fine of $400 million (in 1938 rates), according to the U.S. [79], Kristallnacht changed the nature of Nazi Germany's persecution of the Jews from economic, political, and social exclusion to physical violence, including beatings, incarceration, and murder; the event is often referred to as the beginning of the Holocaust. Some lawmakers who hoped to change the countrys restrictive immigration quota laws saw an opportunity in the wave of sympathy among Americans for refugees after Kristallnacht. The broken windows theory states that visible signs of disorder and misbehavior in an environment encourage further disorder and misbehavior, leading to serious crimes. Between November 9 and 10, 1938, the pogrom now known as Kristallnacht resulted in the destruction of over 7,500 Jewish businesses, 1,000 synagogues, and any sense of security Jewish people in Germany and its read more, When Ernst vom Rath went to work on the morning of November 7, 1938, he had no idea he would soon be mortally woundedor that his death would serve as the excuse for a two-day terror attack on German Jews. McCullough, Colin, and Nathan Wilson, eds. Convo. I Know A Place 6. These laws resulted in the exclusion and alienation of Jews from German social and political life. Long took an obstructionist role in granting visas to European Jews, and maintained this policy even when America entered World War II after the 1941 Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. Look up each word in a print, digital, or online dictionary. The broken glass in the streets prompted the name "Kristallnacht," or Crystal Night. However, prior to Kristallnacht, these Nazi policies had been primarily nonviolent. Ninety-one Jews were killed and 30,000 Jewish men were taken away. Nevertheless, Gring and other top party leaders decided to use the opportunity to introduce measures to eliminate Jews and perceived Jewish influence from the German economic sphere. [64] During the events of Kristallnacht, several Gauleiter and deputy Gauleiters had refused orders to enact the Kristallnacht, and many leaders of the SA and of the Hitler Youth also openly refused party orders, while expressing disgust. New York: Berg, 1991. KFC issued an apology approximately an hour later, blaming the original message on an "error in our system". In the fall of 1938, Herschel Grynszpan, a 17-year-old Polish Jew who had been living in France for several years, learned that the Nazis had exiled his parents to Poland from Hanover, Germany, where Herschel had been born and his family had lived for years. But police arrested the victims and firefighters were ordered not to intervene. Although murder did not figure in the central directives, Kristallnacht claimed many Jewish lives between 9 and 10 November. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). They were forced to pay Judenvermgensabgabe, a collective fine or "atonement contribution" of one billion Reichsmarks for the murder of vom Rath (equivalent to 4 billion 2021 or 7billion in 2020 USD), which was levied by the compulsory acquisition of 20% of all Jewish property by the state. Synagoguesburned throughout the night. Pehle, Walter H., editor. They found themselves stranded in a refugee camp near the town of Zbaszyn in the border region between Poland and Germany. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. [85], Kristallnacht was the inspiration for the 1988 composition Mayn Yngele by the composer Frederic Rzewski, of which he says: "I began writing this piece in November 1988, on the 50th anniversary of the Kristallnacht My piece is a reflection on that vanished part of Jewish tradition which so strongly colors, by its absence, the culture of our time". Hitlers right hand man. [34], Ernst vom Rath died of his wounds on 9 November 1938. WATCH VIDEO: Henryk Ross: Photos from a Nazi Ghetto. The secret military police in Nazi Germany. 100 Raoul Wallenberg Place, SW Kristallnacht (German pronunciation: [kstalnat] ()) or the Night of Broken Glass, also called the November pogrom(s) (German: Novemberpogrome, pronounced [novm.b.poom] ()), was a pogrom against Jews carried out by the Nazi Party's Sturmabteilung (SA) paramilitary and Schutzstaffel (SS) paramilitary forces along with some participation from the Hitler Youth and German . An estimated 400 Jews lost their lives in the anti-Semitic pogrom and more than 30,000 were imprisoned or sent to concentration camps, where many were brutally mistreated. Of course the "Night of Broken Glass" refers to Kristallnacht, an event that many feel marked the beginning of the Holocaust. In The. The quota system remained unchanged throughout the war and into the 1960s. 16)". The violence continued during the day of November 10, and in some places acts of violence . Vom Rath was a professional diplomat with the Foreign Office who expressed anti-Nazi sympathies, largely based on the Nazis' treatment of the Jews and was under Gestapo investigation for being politically unreliable. In this view, it is not only described as a pogrom, it is also described as a critical stage within a process in which each step becomes the seed of the next step. 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